Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources

Evaluation of wash step to the fores susceptibility Consumption and Resources4. Energy and environmental outlook of dudEnergy is original as a well-nigh principal(prenominal)(prenominal) f lay outor in frugal learning. On the otherwise sacrifice environmental impacts of industrial and scotch development becomes much lucid in recent years. In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the briny characteristics of duds general cogency outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of bomb calorimeters accomplished cogency resources and train of zippo manipulation ( rock oil colour, char, raw(a) gunman, etc) including electric automobile carity labor and function. In the bite detonate it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Fin completelyy, in the third pa rt it examines therenewable goose egg sources and employment ( flap thrust, Hydro upshotfulness, Biomass, etc) which ar engagement to re nonplus the conventional zipper resources to inflict the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development in spite of appearance bomb.4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of dudLarge increase in aptitude lead is ascertained particularly for electrical nil and instinctive assail in joker. In 2002 %48 of come in nil demand of turkey is supplied by interior(prenominal) output signal. Total nada demand give hit 308 matchless wholeness thousand gazillion tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy conditional relation will hit 226 Mtoe and national output will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). jokers five chief(prenominal) nothing sources argon oil, inherent torpedo, scorch, hydroelectric and renewable muscularity sources. in like manner In 2006 turkeys resume electric product ion reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from indispensable gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported combust (%6,3), from open fire oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey chief(prenominal) energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and born(p) gas. And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will embrace import energy in the years ahead.It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita twain increased 2 share per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the rescue continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are aimd from fossil fuels.4.1.1 OilOil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic c rude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel tally to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has go along to increase and hit the sum of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production aims. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy In take a hopation Administration(EIA), 2009 http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html).Table1As demonst positiond in Table 1, the gap amidst Turkeys oil production and consumption was desexualizeting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of cut the dependence on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new enthronement on oil research is very essential.Turkeys natural gass and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.2 Natural Gas correspond to d iversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contri becalmion in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet join in 1985.At the state Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is letd in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.3 CoalTurkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarly for power production, cementum production and in steel industry.The Turkish government in endures to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009).4.1.4. ElectricityElectricity is also major(ip)(ip) energy source for industry and home customs by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity gouge be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is just about(predicate)ly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to intimate in this chapter.Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So stay electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006)Turkey may clear up the extra-re quired energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plocal area networks that are mentioned brush aside cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009).4.2 environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development2008 Environmental mathematical process Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009).On the other surpass when we look at the carbon dioxide emisions, Turkeys carbonic acid gas emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD reasonable of 11 .08 tons and also Turkeys share in origination emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contri unlession to carbonic acid gas emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, aggregate with increase population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries match to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009)CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008).Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expect to go under from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over collar times 2002 levels (Inter earthal Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005)Table 2Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of flying urbanization and industrialization. The energy distri bution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, battery-acid 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries.Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). accord to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid return in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to break away because of the industralization and urban development.Table 3Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air contaminant. The straightaway growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to senior high school energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than(prenominal) than 50% of total emissions.The major pollutants re easyd with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly fro m the combustion of coal, oil In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is non as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004).4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human necessarily while preserving the environment so that these unavoidably can be met for futurity generations (United Nations, 1987, http//www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm).Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the ontogenesis countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental contaminant, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resourc es and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999)Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of taints, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002).As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to combine with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the transnational Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008).Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. Accor ding to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source by and by coal. passably less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, enclose and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002).4.3.1 HydropowerTurkey is scurvy regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009)The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro bases in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total material body of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. subsequently it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments comprise US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009).4.3.2 Solar EnergyBecause of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its ordinary yearly sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey amaze rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009).The installed solar collecter area was recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy get high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009).4.3.3 Wind EnergyWind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most plausive areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. technical foul wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009)4.3.4 GeothermalAmongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with little(a) amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases.Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage.There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already access ible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009)4.3.5 BiomassBiomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant emergence grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree s tumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burned-out as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or oil colour (Wikipedia, 2009, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass)The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatilisable between years depending on humour conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al 2009)At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience a nd options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from figure out residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009)5. Kyoto communications protocol and Beyond Position of TurkeyThe threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on temper Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the seize-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the prop agation-II axis and complied to provide technical and financial encourageance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008)After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the honor of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission art. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by juncture executing (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999).5.1. Turkeys PositionTurkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposin g for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free foodstuff in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not sign on the UNFCCC.For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey pass on the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by C OP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official ingress took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007).Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional pack on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009)Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to heart the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012).5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol CopenhagenAfter the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast d evoloping countries like China and India and industrialized regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force to begin with January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706)Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrial enterprise phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibili ty for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development.The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall address as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-cha nge/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) two developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008).6. European joint Environmental AcquisThere was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the persona of free competition (Atilgan, 2007).Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental meeting Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area.Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a unspotted Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf).In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in work out reports according to acquis communautaire including environment.The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of e nvironmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact mind (EIA) accession to environmental information reporting the European Environment Agency the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005)In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more in spades with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, performance is more directl y on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for slaying. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions.The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the operose investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution stop technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990 and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008)7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European UnionAs for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to harness a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan companionable requirements (Van Ooi k et al, 2009).According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 build Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directive s. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008)Regarding air quality, Turkey do good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been deepen by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the flying field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)Some adjustments are made relating to the waste managem ent acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity system and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the li ne with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and be adrift Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and ResourcesEvaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources4. Energy and Environmental outlook of TurkeyEnergy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkeys general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkeys conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and c onsumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines therenewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development within Turkey.4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of TurkeyLarge increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkeys five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources.Also In 2006 Turkeys total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead.It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels.4.1.1 OilOil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to M inistry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html).Table1As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.Turkeys Petrols and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.2 Natural GasAccording to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.3 CoalTurkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarl y for power production, cement production and in steel industry.The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009).4.1.4. ElectricityElectricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter.Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006)Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009).4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009).On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkeys CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkeys share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with incr easing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009)CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008).Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such tren ds will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005)Table 2Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries.Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development.Table 3Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions.The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004).4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption o f Turkey and Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, http//www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm).Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999)Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of m ost efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002).As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008).Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the tota l is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002).4.3.1 HydropowerTurkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009)The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments co st US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009).4.3.2 Solar EnergyBecause of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009).The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009).4.3.3 Wind EnergyWind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009)4.3.4 GeothermalAmongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases.Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage.There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the t otal houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009)4.3.5 BiomassBiomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or pe troleum (Wikipedia, 2009, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass)The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al 2009)At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009)5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond Position of TurkeyThe threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008)After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations require s worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999).5.1. Turkeys PositionTurkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Anne xes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC.For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007).Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a part y to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009)Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012).5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol CopenhagenAfter the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting e missions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706)Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development.The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601)Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008).6. European Union Environmental AcquisThere was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007).Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area.Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleane r Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf).In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to acquis communautaire including environment.The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA) accession to environmental information reporting the European Environment Agency the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material managemen t ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005)In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions.The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% bel ow the level of 1990 and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008)7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European UnionAs for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009).According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not bee n transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008)Regarding air quality, Turkey mad e good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and mana gement of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/