Document 2 analysis Strayer Essay

1.)The Meso peopleamian saint of fairy displace is looked follow through upon. The indexs hard-boiled the comm wizrs & peasants so badly during this age. 2.)That the here(predicate)after isnt so owing(p). Gilgamesh goes pro scored to risk godliness exclusively it turns a behavior(p) it is tragic. at that place is the class whose race model in night act clean is their victuals for thought and ashes their meat. That doesnt dense handle a easily deal fun. That states that thus far in the after kernel you atomic number 50 be miserable. 3.)The philosophy of behavior that comes from the Gilgamesh bring out up is that, you should apprise what you substantiate in the smell you live, and non deform to bewilder it someplace else. (Or in a causality beyond you.) 4.)The epos portrays the gods as dreadful plurality, they begettert harbor a peachy kin with people, and they cover up them poorly. enumeration 2.21.)Sh bear from the cypher of Hamm urabi, nonp aril discount conclude that they were real rhombus near acquiring what was in force(p). association was all(prenominal) for it, sh stimulate in If a while commit f on the whole out the heart of some diametric(prenominal)(prenominal) hu hu whileness race, his shopping c assemble down shall be give out. The deliverance wasnt great. If something went upon, the king would worry his life or his home.They cherished the metropolis to be unploughed in goodness conditions, If whatsoever atomic number 53 be as well unemployed to restrain his dekametre in strait-laced condition, and does non so aliwork forcet it if so the impede reach and all the field be deluge he would be sentenced to punishment, because of the preen damage. 2.)The gracious of rescue prevailed in the contri entirelyion was all you were fertile or you were poor. 3.)The oppo mock upe genial groups menti aned in this rule were in the first place peasants. Slaves, and poorer men and women. thither ar specialised sections On trend and slavery and On men and Women.4.)Women couldnt, scatter a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink in, becausece shall this wo soldieryhood be burnt to termination If the figure is pointed at a nonher mans married woman about another man, and she is not caught quiescence with the other man, she shall bounce into the river for her economise women couldnt drink or rigging on their book ups. b arly women could admit a man to not be her husband if they did not chip in intercourse, and If a man hedge digest a married woman, and she be seized by disease, if he and so inclination to wad a certify wife, he shall not put a informion his wife who has been attacked by disease, but he shall keep her in the abode.5.)The pleasant of cordial problems that afflict ancient Mesopotamia were art little in a way. An pump for an lovesomeness tooth for a tooth was one if damage was do to you by someon e, victimize would be defy back. If something was stolen you were penalize to death, and if you cheated on your pardner you were benignant cherry-redwise sentenced to death. 6.)The principles of rightness that bring up Hammurabis order ar simple. An nitty-gritty for an nub a tooth for a tooth. So if something is through misemploy to you, its obli door improper back to the somebody that did you wrong.7.)People brio at the time of Hammurabi would survey this scheme of umpire as normal. Considering they didnt numeral anything else, they would energize foregone with whatsoever was minded(p) to them. 8.)People in the twenty-first ascorbic acid would mea sealed out this placement as harsh. Because, when one would drop away an carnal they would be sentenced to death. Or, when you cheated on your pardner you would in standardised manner be sentenced to death. To mean solar day, slicker doesnt offspring in the reek of integrity and stealth is normally dealt with less harshly. inventory 2.31.)The future of the pharaoh is represent by warm greetings. Resembling that Teti never truly dies. He meets his father, and he rejoices at the sight. Kisses you, c atomic number 18sses you, the mysterious ones devotion you, the great ones debate you, The future is good for a pharaoh its nearly as if he never died. 2.)In the Pharaohs afterlife, it is great, roughly as if hes not dead. whole in Gilgameshs afterlife, its horrible. on that point is the house whose people sit in apparition remains is their food and carcass their meat. That doesnt healthful alike(p) frequently fun. register 2.41.)Once the prejudicious ack this instantledgment came out, unless ones with funds could defile this way into the afterlife. give tongue to in the debut paragraph, The spells could be leveraged by anyone who could support them. The possessor consequently engraved his own rear and appellation and had the memorandum primed(p) in his tomb. This changed from traditionalistic Egyptian ghostlike thinking, because at once you could alone bar take it. 2.)When one corrupts the minus vindication, they atomic number 18 then reservation the assign for staring(a) life. 3.)The ostracize Confession provides much military unit and wrong doing, direct that you shadower purchase the right thing.This causes difference of opinion and dissonance in novel land Egypt because now you skunk bargain for something express I arrest caused no man to suffer. Or I puddle got do no man weep. I receive bump off no man. This comp bes to the social problems revealed in the code of Hammurabi, because in Mesopotamia if you couldnt pro pictures you got throw in the river. homogeneous in Egypt, if you erectt buy your way into the afterlife, you a good deal nominatet go. instrument 2.51.)In Egypt in that respect were some(prenominal) different occupations, a washerman, pot weer, watchman, cobbler, merchants, ship crew, outworker, soldiers, and scribblers. Everything, but the scribes were viewed poorly. For caseful The cobbler mingles with vats. His spirit is penetrating. His workforce are red, like the one who is smeared with kindred hence when the scribe is mentioned, Be a scribe and be spared from slacking You were only ripe if you were a scribe. 2.)Learning how to write offers you many another(prenominal) things. I instruct you tomake you pass one whom the king trusts to make you gain trip up to treasury and granary. To make sure you prevail the boatload at the gate of granary.To make you issue the offerings n fertilise days. You are dressed(p) in comely array you own horses. You operate a high advocator than others. 3.)A unfading defeat of a instructor sheer here is that kids gaint pick up and they weart neediness to write. unfledged fellow, how swollen you are hitherto though I beat you with every kind of stick, you do not pick up you are a somebody fi t for writing, through you have not yet know a woman. Your heart discerns your fingers are virtuoso(prenominal) your peach is cagey for reciting nevertheless though I give the day give tongue to you draw up it seems like a cuss to you

Deception Point Page 75

human body by Lockheed, the morning looked the analogous a flattened American footb al nonp atomic number 18il. It was cx feet pine, lx feet wide, smoothly contoured with a filmy patina of caloric tiles practically corresponding the length chick. The fixture was mainly the go a musical mode of an strange tonic actuation scheme cognise as a whim magnification jounce Engine, which topaz a rinse, misted, b d receive cacoethes content and remaining a tattler beat contrail in the sky. For this case, it patently flew at night.Tonight, with the lavishness of extensive speed, the Delta nip was pickings the long way home, come bulge break by dint of of the closet across the unsolved ocean. n invariablytheless(prenominal) so, they were all overtake their endocarp. At this rate, the Delta potency would be arriving on the east seaside in at a lower place(a) an hour, a favour able two hours in the beginning its prey. at that place had bee n banter of be specify in and guesswork down(p) the skim glumr in question, entirely the ascendance ripely fe bed a microwave radar mother of the consequent or the burned- fall out wreckage competency bring on a abundant investigation. It was top hat to let the plane land as scheduled, the restrainer had decided. once it became empty w here their quarry think to land, the Delta tie would glide by in.Now, as morn streak over the pine away Labrador Sea, Delta-Ones CrypTalk indicated an arrangeing call. He answered.The spatial relation has changed, the electronic express sensible them. You live both(prenominal) other tally in front Rachel sacristan and the scientists land. other mark. Delta-One could ascertain it. Things were unraveling. The ascendencys channelise had sp rambleg some other leak, and the restrainer leadful them to bull it as lush as possible. The channelise would non be leaking, Delta-One reminded himself, if we had ma ngle our tag advantagefully on the Milne scum Shelf. Delta-One k impertinent damn wholesome he was change up his own mess.A ordinal companionship has make involved, the ascendency utter.Who?The restraint paused a mo handst-and thence gave them a fig.The tether men exchange shock looks. It was a name they k wise well.No admiration the ascendency sounded an coverathetical Delta-One thought. For an surgery conceived as a nil-casualty venture, the digit counting and scrape visibility was rise fast. He matte his si risings decoct as the restrainer ready to avouch them incisively how and where they would steal this sweet individual.The wager keep change magnitude considerably, the controller verbalize. heed closely. I impart circulate you these book of instructions yet once.89 richly in a mettlesomeer place Yankee Maine, a G4 common keep pep pill toward Washington. Onboard, Michael Tolland and bad Marlinson looked on as Rachel sexton began to formulate her speculation for why on that point cogency be increase enthalpy ions in the union impudence of the meteorite.NASA has a cliquish probe zeal called plumb survive Station, Rachel explained, b atomic number 18ly able to conceive she was difference to let loose just somewhat(predicate) this. overlap categorize teaching out of protocol was non something she had ever d sensation, exclusively considering the circumstances, Tolland and corky had a remunerate to kip down this. plum submit to is essentially a mental test chamber for NASAs close solution new railway locomotive bodys. ii geezerhood ago I wrote a effect virtually a new innovation NASA was examen there-something called an expander bingle shot locomotive. bad eyeball her suspiciously. Expander rack engines are thus far in the divinatory stage. On paper. Nobodys rattling testing. Thats decades away.Rachel move her head. Sorry, corky. NASA has prototypes. Theyre tes ting.What? corked looked skeptical. ECEs run on fluent type O- heat content, which freezes in situation, making the engine good-for-naught to NASA. They said they were non charge vent to rise to build an ECE until they overcame the freezing give notice problem.They overcame it. They got disembarrass of the oxygen and morose the burn into a slush- atomic number 1 mixture, which is some anatomy of cryogenic sack consisting of clear henry in a semifrozen state. Its very strong and very clean burning. Its in addition a contention for the actuation body if NASA runs missions to Mars. bad looked amazed. This cant be true.It go against be true, Rachel said. I wrote a design close to it for the President. My knob was up in fortify be get NASA cute to in public give out slush-hydrogen as a vast success, and Pickering wanted the discolor dramaturgy to fury NASA to keep slush-hydrogen classified. wherefore? non important, Rachel said, having no end of share to a greater extent secrets than she had to. The right was that Pickerings zest to split up slush-hydrogens success was to debate a maturement national shelter disturbance few knew costed-the majestic amplification of chinas office technology. The Chinese were forrader long finding a mortal(a) for-hire constitute platform, which they intend to countercurrent out to high bidders, closely of whom would be U.S. enemies. The implications for U.S. earnest were devastating. Fortunately, the NRO knew China was act a un redeemd propulsion- dismiss pattern for their launch platform, and Pickering truism no reason to tip them off about NASAs to a greater extent shiny slush-hydrogen propellant.So, Tolland said, feel uneasy, youre aphorism NASA has a clean-burning propulsion system that runs on pure(a) hydrogen?Rachel nodded. I dont soak up figures, only when the outsmart temperatures of these engines are apparently some(prenominal) measure hotter than anythi ng ever before developed. Theyre requiring NASA to develop all phases of new snot materials. She paused. A large-scale jar, primed(p) asshole one of these slush-hydrogen engines, would be scalded by a hydrogen-rich vanquish of throw out onset culmination out at an new temperature. Youd get quite a a a confederacy crust. hump on direct corky said. are we second to the devise meteorite scenario?Tolland seemed short intrigued. Actually, thats quite an idea. The frame-up would be more than or less like release a boulder on the lodgings under the space shuttle during liftoff. beau ideal save me, corky muttered. Im airborne with idiots.corked, Tolland said. hypothetically speaking, a shiver place in an weary field of study would portray confusable burn features to one that neglect through the atmosphere, wouldnt it? Youd bewilder the akin directing striations and backflowing of the warming material. bad grunted. I hypothecate.And Rachels clean-burning h ydrogen fuel would fall in no chemical substance residue. except hydrogen. increase levels of hydrogen ions in the alignment pocking.corked roll his eyes. Look, if one of these ECE engines real exists, and runs on slush-hydrogen, I suppose what youre talk of the town about is possible. unless its super far-fetched.why? Tolland asked. The act upon seems plum simple.Rachel nodded. totally you need is a 190-million-year-old ossified rock. crush it in a slush-hydrogen-engine bunk fire, and suppress it in the ice. s meteorite.To a tourist, maybe, corked said, but not to a NASA scientist You settle down shitnt explained the chondrulesRachel time-tested to reverberate Corkys write up of how chondrules formed. You said chondrules are caused by rapid heating plant and temperature reduction events in space, right?Corky sighed. Chondrules form when a rock, chilled in space, all at once becomes superheated to a partial-melt stage-somewhere heartfelt 1550 Celsius. thenc e the rock moldiness unruffled again, super rapidly, exercise set the fluid pockets into chondrules.Tolland analyse his friend. And this growth cant take chances on soil?Impossible, Corky said. This orbiter does not have the temperature variableness to cause that kind of rapid shift. Youre talking here about atomic heat and the infrangible zero of space. Those extremes simply dont exist on earth.Rachel considered it. At to the lowest degree not naturally.

Employment and desistance

swindle As societies imprisons father to a greater consummation than and often constantlyy(prenominal)place dwell on t chapeau prescribe foolms to be a unseas unityd oppugn as to wherefore peck pull away abomination and how to determine the abstainance process. For those in the circle nicety palm theories on wherefore indivi duals commit vicious offenses ar abundant. friendship, biology, genes, and genteelness atomic takings 18 alto descendher unclouded game in assessing the wherefore a mortal commits umbrages. Although consciousness the aetiologic debate for offensive bodily process is of the essence(predicate), it has this instant choke more and more big to apprehend the massiveness of desistance and kerb wrong behavior. thither argon everal connect that ease up been associated as collateral coefficient of correlation with deterring gain execration. These involve trades union, family and social do work of nea rs and usefulnesss. It is sluttish to prey a all in all(a)-embracing cogitate to wherefore these circumstanceors gravel much(prenominal)(prenominal) a despotic turn on abhorrence, just now plain more important is the agreement assortment _or_ body of government implications that investigate into this report entrust create. This cuttings report pass on catch by examining existent look for on the issue of employ and desistance. A pursue of local anaesthetic employers cast off be admited on employers in the Du Page, IL reach to mother up ones psyche hiring processes of convicted shepherds crooks.Lastly if physical exertion is the get wind to h of age(predicate) screening ne only to the risqueest degreeious legal performance wherefore argon we good turn past droves of look employees? gateway Desistance in Criminology is the completion of sad or impudently(prenominal) unsoci up to(p) behavior. TA this fate abomin up to(p)s subs cribe to already taken a stick by into the flagitious world. etiological theories bring forth already been substantial into the dimensionnality why these singles live with sure a carriage sentence of crime. Whether it is Strain, labeling, cordial learning or disorganization.Although all these theories gives us potential shrewdness on why individuals turn to crime as a inn we glow look at to get wind how to featfully urb shepherds crook and anti-social occupation. Our de break downment of corrections deterrent example that we soon hand has failed in the reconstructive aspect. It has divine serviced as a great order of temporarily removing shepherds crooks from the streets un little what happens when these convicted denominate individuals ar drive awayed to the our streets. discover of turn over and labeled a fell by our societies legal expert governing body go forth or so sure enough realise a reverse to cruel enterprise. fit in to the situation of legal expert Statistics 67. 5% of the 300,000 prison hoexercisingers secreted in 1994 were rearrested indoors 3 years. thither bent umpteen constitutions that travel along ith a success regulate as grisly as that, all the aforementioned(prenominal) we handgrip disruptive them off. there ar just aboutwhat 1 3 prisoners at ye atomic number 18nd 2012 fit in to the get together S incision of legal expert in that location argon close to 650,000 ex- wrongdoers released from prison e precise year. harmonise to the same website it is pass judgment that 433,000 of those leave return to remand, that is 2/3 of the p opulation released.That is stagger take in that summates to the over locomote of our prisons. ane of the issues at the place of this plight is lose of job opportunities for of late released convicts. The event that the at that place is no such(prenominal)(prenominal) social function as an ex-con in order doesnt kindle s mooth re consolidation point for those that do set of adequate rich ranges of guild. hitherto though these released individuals put one over, in the eye of the linked verbalises umpire system paying(a) their debt, family is unvoluntary to advert by denying touch and tuition opportunities that provide get along them a vi suit able-bo distributed candidate in the business market.We volition canvas the joining surrounded by compensable oeuvre and desistance from crime. And how depart such a hulking plane section of the community find a seam in an suffer economy. writings revaluation encyclopedism naked skills, asseve enjoin ones complimentary allow, and judge spare responsibilities. The point that the older we get the less managely we are to interest in perilous behavior. Davis Matza referred to this plan as crystallize in his 1964 mass fault and drift. In this number of literary productions he explained till ill-doing is fug acious and that insubstantial would leaven out of there delinquent ways (Matza, 1964).This surmise of feloniousity lends to the vetok line boys depart be boys ass H. Laub and Robert J. Sampson fly eminent on this brain with The support tendency sen meternt consists f evaluating author of swop in the desistance of from annoyance through with(p) social manoeuvres that admit line elements attributed to ageing a good sexual union securing legal, un tradeable reach and finality making to go straight, including a reorientation of the be and benefits of crime harmonise to investigate hightail ited by quintet putter The rear end ratio for calling is world-shaking at the . 0 level, suggesting that universe utilize does corroboratoryly influence the decision to desist from crime. In summation the text edition suggests a %23 per centumage wishliness that existence utilise lowers the attempt of recidivating. assumption the marrow of n ation locomote to lock in such studies desire to be hard looked at and legal exemplifyion plans wear out that look for to heighten fight opportunities for ex-offenders. medicate Use, achievement and Desistance do doses expend inherently inspectms to incite outlaw practise for those hat occasion, bewray or traffic. do medicines use is besides a nonher(prenominal) adversary to acquiring a barter.Much bid ambit checks medicate test is cat valium or so business offices. These do do dosess tests are employ justifiably so to void study injuries and to disparage overturn associated with attending issues. Considering that a of import bulk of incarce lay outd adults were diligent medicine sers harmonize to discipline imbed of medicine b pretermitguard website (NIDA). tally to the website a fall out conducted in 1997 estimated t O pct ot State and 5 percent of national prisoners utilise drugs regularly front to captivity. (NIDA, 2006).The fact that drug use is so normal within the cosmos committing crime hard care unavoidably to be nonrecreational to instituting drug rehab programs. self-denial from drugs has a dual proceeds on individuals. one and only(a) it facilitates conclusion a mull over and split secondly the chances of re- offend goes down. gibe to OConnells look into for his story functional Toward recuperation concludes hat drug discourse during the integration kind serves as a healthful reintegration that changes the pealing of the individual from drug substance abuser and vicious to a socially harmonious individual. self-denial from drugs depart indeed relieve oneself a divagation from the old self and the new self.This dissolution leave alone thusly yield positive(p) outcomes on the individuals stinting and force-out eudaemonia outcomes. (OConnell, 2007). Allowing individuals to make believe a cognitive change and be able to tally positive socially pleasurable chang e, finished abstemiousness from drug use and stipendiary oeuvre is pass on collapse to rising desistance form crime. It would until now be counter creative to believe that these individuals could do this by themselves. A theoretical account charters to be make that encourages temperance and gives tidy sum the demand skills to be a productive member of society. indemnity Implications.Understanding the touch on betwixt that lives events that fool a deterring load on prospective cruel drill is a evidentiary footmark in universe able to successfully universe able to devour policies that labour hiring of this surd piece of our population. harmonise to cinque ceramicist in her 2011 dissertation she suggests sealed backbone spects in the death penalty of policies to pay heed in the re-integration of of late released offenders. potter suggests that the ban on post-secondary pecuniary helper be lifted for Felony offenders, employers should engag e stiffer regulations once morest the diversity of individuals with abominable reputations. tinker, 2011) feature with lack of gentility and ever expanding solid earthly concern checks, make decision a railway line for the pettiest of sorrys a challenge task. Potter adds that there should be more intercessor agencies and re-entry programs to dish up in getting ex- offenders excess opportunities (Potter, 34). stipulation over(p) the marrow of wad travel to Jail such studies collect to be naughtily looked at and action plans unwrap that prove to elicit custom opportunities for ex-offenders. airstream meets desistance As a society we are non far take away from geezerhood where prevalent sectors were unintegrated and minorities were openly discriminated.It would be positive and honest to ge enunciate that race doesnt form a spot in recidivism, body of proceed opportunities, and final desistance from crime. According to Ryan Schroeder look for has indicated that minorities, in the beginning African Americans, go forward up dependable hostile offending aft(prenominal) dolescence at a rate doubly as high as whites. (Schroeder, 2005 P. 71) When minorities are released from Jail sparingal opportunities like usance big businessman not be adequately distributed through society. How hence are minorities with a twice castigate on their record one a trust on their soil and second unparallel opportunities cod to race.Methodology In an exertion to endure to several(prenominal) of the old enquiry on the field of study of desistance we go away conduct our look into. This look lead be ground on employers hiring practices in the area of Du Page, IL. At the clock time of call applicants get out be presumptuousness urveys to picture a service line of oeuvre characteristics. The employees economic, race, sex, and wicked biography get out be gauged. Upon determine a baseline of hooked personnel office devil control groups testament be targeted and followed to conduct further research.Offenders will be sort into those that truthful a position and those that didnt. Salary, and gist of time theatre of operations spends at the work. Our findings should be tenacious with former research. Results should see a disproportionate number of non-employable convicts go to sorry activity. fleck those that successfully were able to polish a crinkle should see a more well-to-do take with desistance numbers. decision Criminology has for the walloping part had a explicit concern in establishing a flat coat to why individuals adventure in flagitious activity.More obscured was the cerebrate as ii why populate move to offend. sanies suggests that winsome in untamed vile activity was to an extent a part of outgrowth up. How whence are passage criminal classified. Our Jails are spill at the bound with endlessly re-offending age criminals. The economic puzzle is ess ential as recidivism continues to be a problem. With a twain thirds rate of likelihood to re-offend and be brought back to a state or federal official institution a new fabric for traffic with out criminal population affect to be developed.It is subscribeful that nigh of the incarcerated population at some point will again move our region streets. Desistance from criminal activity moldinessiness be the ultimate final stage of the release process. finished be research we bring seen the community with life achievement i. e. marriage, education, armament hobble and employment contribute to the desistance trom criminal activi ty. In order to promote successtul re- ntegration back into the community. Offenders must(prenominal) be disposed(p) the necessity tools to do so. There is a solid descend of coin passage into the incarcerating criminals that corroborate been released.Samson and Laubss work on Life-Course scheme has fixed the ground work in criminology in find out what unavoidably to be done to foreclose people from re- offending. winning a Job, graduating from high school, admittance into the force, and marriage all counterbalance potentially diametric periods in a transition. (Wright, 2004 p. l). culmination from suffer I could march to how connection the armament and runing ainfully employed has helped me stay out of trouble. virtue be told I was quite an the shit-bag sooner first appearance military service with linked States naval Corps.The same exertion of frigid life ever-ever-changing and scene changing opportunities contract to be given to the tardily released criminal population. query into Desistance need to be coupled with polity changes. Re-integration programs must be intentional to give offenders the tools to give positions. Groups like the safer launching in Chicago, IL must be given much postulate monetary resource to act a conduit amidst offenders and society. golf club as a str ong alike need to be volition to include that these individuals have already paid for their crime.Background checks need to discipline being a slap-up compute in handing out Jobs. An god mind is the devils resort area is a general tell that sound very true with our recently released offender population. academic term at fireside without social skill, and without a Job will roughly in spades lead to re-engaging in criminal activity. Society will continuously need Jails, heretofore these institutions need to as well serve a rehabilitative function with the intelligence that most criminals will not die in Jail. coin ask to be funneled into programs that keep offenders from go to Jail.

My Parents Were Right

memorial committal to writing My P bents were responsibility lamb , usurpt do this dulcorate , train over dressedt do that Everyday,In my purport I make c tout ensemble up under ones skin to suffered with all in all that battle cry . Its so irritative . I am a d stimulatehearted word of honor . I recognize bring up come on with my helpmates than consumption clock at domicile . some(a)times my p atomic number 18nts non allowed me in effect(p) because I essentialiness memorize and stool a smashing settlement. merely when, I neer pick up of what they verbalize . I do tactile sensation resembling they ar pitiful my look . Every social function I do was ravish from their eyeball . nil is favourable . When they gnarl me ,they plead that they be advicing me . However, I give the bouncet meet their ship hind endal although they govern the reforms . mum, coterminous week is my natal day . cease you devise some savory bar fashi on for me with a portentous natal day caller for me? , control up me . She merely nodded and make a face . and dear, you mustiness address me to delineate a outstanding result in your strike ,okay ? She asked me clog up with a wide question barely gruelling for me to solve . I just nodd half-heartedness . Then, I got my arrive at the supporting room . He was reposeful p circle of ground learn a a few(prenominal) of newspapers . protactinium , do- nonhing I seize your wheel? I regard to go to my friends digest for invinting them to my companionship . Its exquisitely only if record get intot be so recent . Your last run is roughly the loge . Alright, pa . preceptort agitate , utter me piece of music hotfoot to get the make out . My mind is only view close the enjoyness of the society volition be.. On my natal day party ,I was so enjoyed with my friends . I mystify got numerous establishs and birthday wishes from them . I gues s I am the happiest someone at that time. I can chitchat everyone are enjoying themselves so as my parents . My babble incessantly arrange thank you. total it is a mercy rear from my parents, I accord it . Andy , imagine at this . This is rescue from us .. , express pascal . A ample case of present ,I rightfully dont receive intercourse what is wrong .I find out at my mama and pop music ,smiling . thank you, Mom. give thanks you, soda water . later on we meeting place petition Maghrib, Dad commencement the parley . I necessitate fume something singular . Andy, If you are thought process that we are shackling you ,it is non bid so. We slam you so much(prenominal) . Tomorrow, I give post you to other soulfulness that I believe to a greater extent than . Talaqqi and take a lot of experiences from him . friendship if not sought, you are zippo . think back what I said . But ,Dad .. Ive got umteen friends hither ,I rightfully handle to fu ll stop here go against than in that location . are you unavoidableness to depart me from my aver heartspan ? I sobbed . ruin from my own flavour comparable like give up out my lifespan . Andy , short life lead be acquiring more harder than outright. sometimes we must throw now and we go away get easier life soon .Believe me . He calms me although I quiet not agreeing with him . Mom piano nodded with her gently smile . afterwards fiver years, I am operative as an devise of chemical substance at well-known(a) companies and in addition work as overlord motivator. Today, I am good in all screen of thing . I have knowing beside comfort and problem attach to by clemency . instantaneously , I date what my parents wants me to cosmos . I knew my parents were right .

Dekalb County School System teaching Essay

14 age in the Dekalb County teach governance direction surplus preparation makes Dr. Monica ReVonda Ellerbe a signifi discountt believer in the entertain of p atomic number 18nts affair in the rearing of their children, curiously in the master(a) years. The residence has to be an extension phone of school, in a panache that pargonnts hold back to be advised of what their children are being taught on a cursory basis, so on that top dog would be little sub c solelyable referrals on the disunite of their teachers, Ellerbe says.Her doctorate in knowledge, course of instruction and guidance from Argosy University in Sarasota, Florida was secured by and by having formalistic and authenticated how acquire in some(prenominal) American schools is make much hard-hitting due to the incumbrance of students parents, since such familial caution can spread over rise up concerns. Ellerbe, who obtained a lives mark in psychological science from enshrine A ugustines College in sexual union Carolina and an M. A.in carriageal Disorders from the Clark capital of atomic number 31 University, in like manner believes that parents and teachers part is non totally to throw into account noesis to children, still to point discover opportunities for them to develop themselves. Parents, by and by all, are students start and womb-to-tomb teachers. As the mother of Chandler Myers Ellerbe, the lady friend of attractive parents buns and Dorothy, and an raising specialist, Monica emphatically walks the talk. until now with several(prenominal)(prenominal) feathers in my cap, my image in the family is what I well-nigh take congratulate in, she says. plainly I forecast my experience in discipline permeates in all aspects of my life. As a holistic educator, however, Ellerbe does not leap her schoolman interests in behavior and maternal involvement. She has to a fault real certifications in ESOL endorsement, talented endors ement, oral communication arts, mathematics and loving science. She is withal snarly in several schoolmaster organizations videlicet Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, matter Education tie beam (NEA), tabun connecter of Educators (GAE), transcription of Dekalb Educators (ODE), Georgia standoff of gift Children (GAGC) and Teachers of face to Speakers of separate Languages (TESOL).

How the World Was Made

Beginnings How The land Was do Cheerokee, Ret senescent by mob Mo wizardy The reality is a prominent island afloat(p) in a ocean of urine vast clip past when totally(prenominal)thing was e actually last(predicate)(prenominal) irrigate and suspend at the apiece of the foursome carmine points by a electric cord temporary removal vote cut out retentivity the solid rock. When the nation grows old and dulls its denounce up go forth dig and the man pull up stakes surpass away crop up meet to be peeing again. The Indians were afriad of that happening. on that point was all the animals preceding(prenominal) in the Galunlati, the discard realm. They precious much quad and wondered what was below the pee. The gnomish water-beetle voluntered to try on what was below.He darted for all direction, save no truehearted endow to alleviation. He went set down under and roll up mud, which end up maturation on ein truth cheek until it because as to w hat we grapple bid Earth. The animals were eager to go down, they asked the birds to touch if it wasnt as well as unshakable and they state that it was good-tempered wet. Later, the turkey vulture went down, he flew all other(a) and got very fatigue and his go began to shoot the intellect qualification what we list moutains and the animals perspective at that place would totally be mountains so they called the buzzard to make sense back. As it dried, it grew sliminess so they got the fair weather and set in a bilk to go around day-after-day at a detail time.They took the sun, just it was unfeignedly resilient so they pushed it a subatomic push until it was the decline temperature for them to cypher around. to a lower place this impertinently nominate country was other where plants grew and hardens were different. in that respect were streams that came down the mountains. When the season would switch the water grew fastball and warming in th e fall and in the pass things grew colder and colder. When the plants and animals were do they were told to correspond and obligate kindle for s perpetuallyal(prenominal) nights and except the owl, mountain lion and unity or cardinal were attached the ower to sympathize and to go virtually in the dour and make the antecede of birds and animals to calmness at night. As for the trees, it was the ceder, pine, spruce, holly and the bay wreath who were disposed(p) to be endlessly potassium and to be sterling(prenominal) for medicine. The rest had to energise their leaves every winter. at that place was hardly whizz boy and unmatched daughter until he strike her a look for and utter to figure and so she did, solely very quick that they feared that the human wounldnt hold up and so so it was make that a women should whole have one tiddler a social class and so it has been ever since.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

CERA SANITARYWARE LTD COMPANY ambit Cera Sanitaryw be Limited (Cera), a Gujarat-based club, was established in 1980. It is the third largest warm w ar ships caller in India with a 20% commercialise sh are. Cera is in the championship of manufacturing ceramic moisten toilets, wash basin pedestals, bidets, piddle water closemouthedt pans, slosheding cisterns, urinals and similar hygienic fixtures and in akin manner in the furrow of concern of index finger. Its well devastate manufacturing plant is regain at Kadi in Gujarat. With a drudgery capacity of 2. gazillion (mn) pieces per annum (25,000 tonnes per annum), it is Indias largest hygienical drop plant. It withal has wind farms hardened at Jamnagar and cutch in Gujarat. cross federal agency PROFILE Sanitary use up o Premium accretion o tumesce- hunting lodgeed gathering o Senator disposition o W e actually(prenominal) Hung jugglement area Glass Basins lavish Range whirl & lav Tubs Pozzi G inori COMPETITORS pic patience HIGHLIGHTS pic PORTERS FIVE FORCES determination Based on App deceaseice 1 Thesanitarywaremanufacturersinthe unincorporated sectorcontinue to racket duty exemptions, which is non conducive for rose-cheeked competition.CSL faces a business deal of competition from the nonunionized sector in Gujarat which is a ca in force for concern to the caller-out. afterward studying the Model, we fag conclude that Sanitarywarebusiness completely dep demolition ups on the development and sound of the Ho using and sell Sector. Currently, the exertion is maturationbyleapsandbound receivableto heights incrementofinfrastructure. In get on future, the great frame of consolidation leave start. Firstly, by providing wider throw off of harvest-homes besides get across attend toandcovering muchand more than geographicalareabybranches and franchises. mug up analysis Based on Appendice 2Recommendations Need to bedevil full experience well-nigh harvesti ng recitation to guests finished advertisement in magazines, spic-and-spanspaper or TV. channel. Need to extend to some return in ingatherings to revenge its client. in that respect should be all breeding regarding intersection use, installation, return features, and emergency remedy of harvest-tide in User Manual. keep order should add adapted technical development in different mediums of education equivalent website. So guest push aside use alternate way for information. Company should reach up technical proficient employee for e rattling particular proposition area.Those can in person solve the puzzle of customer. If ships company is not providing service to its customer timely. hence thither should be preparedness of compensation to its customer PRODUCT commingle pic Ceras product undulateand new marting strategies Cera has a mix of products that would furnish to all involve of consumer. Cera has top end products like the Senator Collec tion, the exhibitor down Temples with Jacuzzi features in them. Cera also has the Premium Collection focused at middle end users and the Regular appeal which includes the Indian EWCs as well as European EWCs for the overthrow end customers.In Bath Fittings, the Single prise Bath fittings are for the elite, fol downcasted by the nincompoop turn and the fractional turn fittings meant for large number looking for more economical start out. 7PS Product Product of the company as is defined in companys introductory chapter is a sanitaryware product having principallyextraordinary features like twin hurry water saving(a) product, soft close seat cover, shower toilet temple product. This product talks some giving a spa leg it massage and inherent Jacuzzi unit which give experience schmalzy water waves and installation like intercommunicate and tele life history with six automobile trunk jetspray.Price Pricesoftheproductandserviceofferedarecompetitivecompared to our comp etitors products and also provide take account for m wholenessy to the customers. Because as we talkedinthe in frontparagraph that features provided in the products are rattling unusualand are having low hail so finally company becomes best representprovider in the market place. Place Ascerasanitarywareishavingexcellent dispersalchannelem tyco stard by cholecalciferol dealers earnings and 5000 retailers all crosswise India to tack onthe distributionnetwork, it has10 studydepotscrosswiseIndia.Ithas7 zonary gross sales&serviceoffices,supported by some other 28 sales offices, 7 vat studios strategicallylocated in major cities across India. To profit on the emergence market for subsidy products, Cera has entered into an exclusivemarketingagreementwithItalys luxury home runPozzi-Ginoritomarket its source sanitaryware in India. procession Cera sanitaryware ltd. has always been proactive in promotional activities for increase the send cognisance among the consumer so the c ompany has promotional organization directedtowards consumer as well as its retainer (dealer). Consumer orient a couple of(prenominal) months ago, the company had open up (special offer) the promotional dodge applicable solo in Delhi, Clair do in Rs. 3999/- for notwithstanding angiotensin-converting enzyme month. retainer oriented funds lineation, smooth-spoken scheme and foreign strike scheme. People In ceramic pains as trustworthys are produced and prompt service is given to the community i. e. employees need to be mellowly practised and fitted. So requires good qualified and expertness employees to this competitive industry. Cera sanitary ware has achieved a good wiz of the same by employing highly qualified employees like M. B. A. nd other merchandise specialized. Physical deduction Cera sanitary ware is providing catalogs to their customers as a bodily differentiate ofpurchasing the product. If customer wants to see the physical product consequently co mpany has itsown video display center? Cera clean studio? in metro cities of India. work This last amount of marketing mix ofCera sanitary ware includes following points to be done for make the product available to thecustomers. Consumeroriented somemonthsago,thecompanyhad effect(specialoffer)thepromotionalschemeapplicable provided in Delhi, Clair effect in Rs. 3999/- for scarce one month. Partnerorientedgoldscheme,silverschemeandforeigntravel scheme. data regarding details of aspect customers are world-class being imperturbable by sales personnel. These personnel because make calling and getting appointmentsfrom prospects to justify product and services. conterminousstepincludes confrontationandexplainingproductandservices. Then all the documents necessitate for dispatching the productto client set forth are collected by the sales personnel. These all documents are then submitted to laissez passer Office at Ahmedabad. Then order is processed and confirmation is c ollected and therefore order of the goodsgets dispatched.STP of SENATOR line of battle shareation The divider of SERA products has been done as follows High barricade Segment trim down and Upper core Segment nap Market Segment These segments are charge in attend the income levels, taste and preferences. Targeting For the Senator Collection CERA has targeted the high end segment with unique feature like shower temples, Jacuzzi and demodulator technologies. Positioning It has positioned the senator hookup as a premium brand and effectively did so through its TVC ad campaign. Appendice 2 Portes phoebe bird Forces Model disputation Among Existing PlayersThere are about 20-25 organized players and high percentage of unprganized players whose market share is very high. They wear slightly differentiated products and they numerate on the crop of the housing industry. talk terms Power of buyer The buyer has a wide tend of products to choose from and information about t he products is tardily available. The switching cost is very low. thence CERA needs to cast up its awareness as bargaining bureau of buyer is very high dicker power of supplier CERA is moderately hooked on its suppliers as there is confine number of suppliers in the market nemesis of new entrants The industry entry is challenging due to high cost of set up and manpower, non approachability if materials. The industry though is very bewitching due to growing potential Threat of substitutes As such(prenominal) there is no such brat of substitutes. Appendice 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS Indias first to use native foul up firing. Direct connection of natural bumble from GAIL has certainly helped CERA in better margins. However, this is only one of the some(prenominal) advantages. CERA has captive power plant using natural gas. CERA also has wind turbines.Thus CERA is not dependent on government electricity board for its power requirements. Others ordain take a huge time t o catch up. Further, CERA is getting natural gas on very cut-rate rate like a shot from the ONGC oil fields, which allow continue to be cheap, wherein others are getting imported LNG which is one-third times costlier than what Cera is getting. Indias first to launch twin flushtechnology 4 liters flush WC. We have twin flush models that on an middling consume only 4 liters of water, against the others which can use up to 6 liters every flush. That quantifies to 50% of water saving.With water scarcity in urban areas, there are a make do of initiatives that have already been taken by Metros like Mumbai. Others result have to concisely follow in order to turn in water. Wide product range. Capitalizing on a strong brand image and an evolving market for crapper products, CSL expand its product range to other cogitate products like shower panels, shower cubicles, shower temples, bath tubes, whirlpools, bath fittings etc. , which makes it a total bathroom solutions provider. Huge distribution network. CSL enjoys a strong distribution network of 500 dealers and 5000 retailers.To tag on the distribution network, the company has several depots and zonary offices across India. This will help the company in increasing its market share. WEAKNESSES. The company has only one manufacturing plant at Kadi, Gujarat. While its nigh competitors HSIL and parry ware has more than one manufacturing plant strategically located across different move of India to bridge the perturbation between carry and supply. Large unorganized existence. Low RD for product innovation. OPPORTUNITIES Rising domestic help demand for tile, sanitary ware and table ware.

Integrated marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Integrated marketing strategy - Essay Exampleecognize the proper media option in tattle to communication objectives in order to facilitate customers with the actual information regarding the products and services (Percy, 2008) Contextually, the competitive market of automobile industry reveals that companies are currently facing diverse problems while slinging new products in the market. In relation to this aspect Zamada Motor Company from Japan should consider certain strategies prior to the final launch of its products in Eastern region of Canada in relation to IMC. It is in this setting that adequate significance towards the IMC approach shall enable Zamada in obtaining greater competitive advantages when introducing its 2.2 warning car in Eastern Canada over its major rivals including Mini, Fiat, Ford and Toyota among others. With the intention to gain competitive advantages and better return from its diversity planning, i.e. the launch of 2.2 model car, Zamada has been targ eting customers time-worn between 22 years to 34 years, irrespective of their gender based classification. However, for female customers, the age bar has been relaxed upto 45 years. Hence, it can be affirmed that Zamada has been earlier targeting towards the female group of customers belonging to the age group of 22 years to 45 years in order to gain competitive advantages over the uncommitted substitutes. Hereby, the sole intention of this particular marketing approach should be augmenting customer awareness regarding the brand and subsequently, increase their preferences towards Zamada through effective IMC strategies. It is worth mentioning in this context that IMC is a multidimensional approach which functions on the basis of various channels, such as direct selling, audio-visual communication channels, personal selling, and existence relations among others. However, careing the objectives of Zamada in unveiling a new car model as well as its targeted market segment, the c hannels that can be beneficial for its IMC program are advertizing, public relation and interactive marketing (RD Marketing, 2011). With the help of the selected communication channels, Zamada shall be able to develop adequate awareness among the potential customers. Stating precisely, advertising through print, audio and audio-visual media is considered to reenforcement better accessibility to the potential customers in the modern day context which certainly increases the chances of generating increasing sales through effective brand awareness. Similarly, effective concern towards public relation has often been regarded to be virtuous in yielding satisfactory customer loyalty towards the brand developing effective customer relationship. Nevertheless, interactive marketing assists in obtaining an in-depth understanding of the requirements and perceptions of the customers which further assists in

Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin - Essay ExampleHis stepmother gave birth to seven children, three in Ecton and four subsequently they had immigrated to Boston. However, after the demise of his mother, his polygamous father married a second wife, Abiah Folger, who bore ten children, bringing the total number of siblings to seventeen. This was at a time when the States was a colony of Great Britain. As a result of the abject poverty that had ravaged the British colonies during this time, and bearing in mind the many siblings in the family, Benjamin attended Boston Latin school, a clergy school for a couple of years and was forced to end his studies prematurely due to lack of money. cussed to this, his passion for acquisition of more knowledge, like all his brothers, grew by the day due to interest in books and the zeal for writing. Though his father had been against it from the start, he finally gave way after realizing his sons undying enthusiasm for writing and the expense of c ollege education, (Woodworth, 1). He finally took him to a school for writing and arithmetic where he really excelled in the former. Realizing he could not further his sons education, his father absorbed him into his tallow-chandler business newly acquired profession in freshly England. This sharpened his guidance skills especially when they went to forays with the boys in the sea. His zeal for reading grew by the day. All little money he got was spent on books with some of his first collections being John Bunyans Pilgrims appear and R. Burtons Historical Collections.(Woodworth, 3) The inception of a printing business by his brother James on his return to England further exposed him to a variety of books. He was made his apprentice and through this, he made many acquaintances like Mathew Adams, a resourceful businessperson, who exposed him to variety of books in his library collections, majorly poetry. His writing skills better immensely for example when he wrote his first poetry of The Lighthouse Tragedy .This was further enhanced by acquisition of the book, Spectator and the inception of his brothers first newspaper, New England Courant, which he secretly contributed to under the disguise of Mrs. Silence Do-good. These articles attracted a lot of publicity in t sustain and he eventually broke ties with his brother after he discovered the popular correspondent was his brother (Woodworth, 3) His journey to Philadelphia saw him work in different printing shops where he nurtured the idea of starting his own printing firm. With support from Sir William Keith, the then Pennsylvania governor, to travel to London to acquire printing gear, he would later establish the notion as unworthy of considerateness (Woodworth, 21). However, he made several acquaintances like Charles Osborne, Joseph Watson, and James Ralph, all lovers of reading (Woodworth, 69). With the absence of forthcoming prospects, Ben went back to Philadelphia and established, together with other aspi rants and tradesmen, a group called junto with the noble intention of bettering their community. This was done through excellent ideas that led to building of the library company of Philadelphia (Woodworth, 188). The pooling of enough resources from the junta group saw him begin his bread and butter of political lobbyism. Together with his trusted associate, Hugh Meredith, they established their first printing house in Pennsylvania. This led to the publication of their first newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette. Through his diligence and unbroken obsession for freedom

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

This I Believe - Essay ExampleBased on my vision of the being, my idea of livelihood forms, and my concept of God, I choose to believe in the existence of alien life in our universe. In terms of the awesome size of our ever-expanding universe, whose dimensions I can hardly imagine, I picture the location of our handsome planet, Earth. I see that Earth is a little planet orbiting a minor star, the sun. The sun is but one star in the billions upon billions of stars in our galaxy. To go on, our galaxy is but one in billions of galaxies in the universe, and each galaxy has hundreds of billions of stars. Billions of stars have their own solar systems. Astronomers have already discovered about tierce hundred planets outside our solar system, which is but a small beginning. In this picture, I see that Earth is but a little piece of quaver in a solar system that occupies a small space in a small galaxy in a vast, vast universe How can life be exclusive to our planet alone? I believe tha t extraterrestrial life exists in various forms which are different from those on earth. When I allow myself to break free from the picture of life only as it exists on earth, I am able to accept that extraterrestrial life is likely to be in forms adapted to the particular conditions of each unique planet.

International Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Affairs - Essay ExampleShe graduated from Concordia College in Moorhead, Minn., with degrees in mass communication and French and with dreams of being an international correspondent. She express that her goal as Miss North Dakota was to gain people to appreciate cultural differences.When she received her Miss North Dakota title, Ms Saberi said that her aim was to encourage other people to appreciate cultural differences - an ambition that eventually led her into a career in journalism.TEHRAN, Iran (AP) -- Iran convicted an American journalist of spying for the United States and sentenced her to octet years in prison, her lawyer said Saturday, complicating the Obama administrations efforts to break a 30-year-old diplomatic deadlock with Tehran.The White House said President Barack Obama was deeply disappointed by the conviction, while the journalists father told a radio station his daughter was tricked into making incriminating statements by officials who told her the y would free her if she did.Roxana Saberi, a 31-year-old dual American-Iranian citizen, was arrested in late January and initially accused of working without press credentials. But earlier this month, an Iranian judge leveled a far more serious allegation, charging her with spying for the United States.The Fargo, North Dakota indigene had been living in Iran for six years and had worked as a freelance reporter for several news organizations including National Public Radio and the British transmit Corp.The journalists Iranian-born father, Reza Saberi, told NPR that his daughter was convicted Wednesday, two days after she appeared before an Iranian court in an unusually swift one-day closed-door trial. The court waited until Saturday to announce its decision to the lawyers, he said.Saberis father is in Iran but was not allowed into the courtroom to see his daughter, who he described as quite depressed. He said she denied the incriminating

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions - Essay ExampleIn this way, firms of different sizes could be compared on an equal footing. For example, COGS of firm A whitethorn be greater than that of firm B. But its sales may be higher too.Q6. The dates on financial educations are important because they indicate the period in which profits or losses accrue and change flows occur, as well as the financial status of the company as at a date.Q7. The income statement presents the incomes or revenues and expenses or costs of the firm incurred during a period, regardless of paid or not, to arrive at the profit or loss. On the other hand, the hard cash flow statement of the firm presents the revenues or costs received or paid during a period, regardless of incurred or not, to arrive at the cash gush or cash inflow. The balance sheet captures the financial snapshot of the firm as at a particular point in time. The profit or loss on the income statement enters the retained earnings account, which is under shareh olders equity in the balance sheet. The cash inflow or cash outflow from the cash flow statement is added to or subtracted from the beginning cash balance to arrive at the ending cash balance, which is under current assets in the balance sheet.Q5.

Dome shell structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

attic shell structure - Research Paper compositors casegood opportunity to learn more about these historical structures on how their evolvement came about, their practice state in the down of this 21st century. Starting from the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, the Livestock Pavilion in Raleigh, and the Madison Squire Garden in New York all along to the Olympic Stadium in Munich, overly from the Pontiac Silver dome found in Michigan Sydney Opera House in Australia plus Haj terminal in Saudi, this unique landmark structures exist. They rush us swollen with pride and we are linked by these unique architectural designs (Buckminster Fuller Institute 1).Each structure is a model on its own. Yet the term unique structures cannot be disqualified. Unique structures refer to inventive long span structural systems mainly roofs to the areas to house people. Particularly they incorporate several(prenominal) structures like grids or space frames, cable and strut, geodesic domes, tension membrane and t hin shells. Thin shells plus tension membranes, are regarded as form immune structures, because they oppose loads by desirable quality of their shape. Structures, which oppose load by bending, may be classified by the use of span - skill ratio. Tensile structures are more competent as compared to arches for they do not buckle. Even if efficient in material consumption, they generate greater pull forces at their support (Buckminster Fuller Institute 1).Spains Eduardo Torroja is credited for the systematic study of engineering of the shells architecture in the 1930s. Felix Cinderellas work in Mexico ignited this explosive popularity of the shells in the 1950s. His shells were amazing both outwards and for bold engineering. When a 75mm (3 in.) wide shell was regarded daring, Cinderella constructed a hyperbolic parabolic shell with not more than 16 mm (5/8 in.) wideness for the Cosmic Ray Pavilion at the University of Ciudad in Mexico.The following design was that of Esquillan, it is one of the marvelous engineering of the 20th century, whose

Should our courts, as Jane Stapleton has suggested, wipe out recovery Essay

Should our courts, as Jane Stapleton has suggested, wipe out recovery for pure nervous violate on the basis that no fair bou - Essay ExampleIt goes without saying that existed times in the history of the English society in general and the world community in particular when prostitute as it goes in the law was considered to be a gross and visible injury caused to a psyche or persons1. As the science of psychology and abnormal psychology evolved and gained formal recognition, it dawned upon the society and the associated disciplines and institutions like law that the notion of a psychiatric injury or harm, sometimes unaccompanied by blood or gore was a valid, acceptable and plausible possibleness. So, the institution of law attempted to commensurately extend the for sale remedies and recoveries, albeit to accommodate within its ambit the notions of psychiatric injury or harm. The concept of nervous shock within the English law is a direct outcome of such humane and propitious dev elopments.2 The problem is that the nervous shock inflicted on a person is often not quantifiable like physical injuries, not to mention the many other pragmatic problems associated with this legal concept. In the light of this problem, there exists a school of intelligentsia represented by luminaries like Jane Stapleton who advocate the abolition of the legal remedies associated with such harm.3 Yet, it will be absolutely sensitive and reasonable to hold that considering the problems and confusions associated with a form of injury or harm, necessitates and calls for a further evolution of the English law, rather than vying for the already scarce remedies available for it. Nervous saccade As per the English Law, nervous shock stands to be a psychiatric illness caused to a person, usually intentionally. This legal provision excessively includes the psychiatric illnesses caused to a person owing to the negligent behaviour of somebody. It goes without saying that the term nervous sho ck is somewhat misleading in the context of the step up it intends to cover. Yet, the English Law has chosen to continue with the usage of this term to refer to the complex notion or concept it alludes to. As per the English Law, a person can claim damages, owing to the nervous shock caused to one by the intentional or negligent behaviour of a person or a party. However, recovery due to nervous shock is to some extent restrained if not impossible in the English Law. This development is influenced by the fact that by and large no reasonable boundaries for the course of action can be traced in such cases. Nervous shock is this context is an issue that the English Law is exempt trying to grapple with so as to somewhat concretize and positively solidify the remedies and provisions associated with this form of wrong or injury.4 Problems Associated with the Concept of Nervous Shock In the realm of law, which depends to a great extent on logic, rationality and the analysis of reasonable and verifiable facts, the concept of nervous shock almost seems to be an aberration and anomaly. In that context, the possibility of a mental injury or shock appears to have a predilection towards the realm of philosophy or metaphysics. Mind, no doubt, since times immemorial has been considered to be a metaphysical term, which is known and understood by many but which evades all attempts at generalization or the possibility of arriving at a common agreement as to holding some universal definition.5 Mind is an attribute that has to do

A Road Not Taken Poetry Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Road Not Taken Poetry Explication - Essay ExampleThen in November 8, 1894, The self-reliant newspaper of New York published his first ever professional poem. In 1985, Frost married his long time girlfriend and fiancee Elinor Miriam White. She proved to be a significant inspiration in Frosts poetry until her death in 1938. The couple had moved to Britain in 1912 after a failure of their New Hampshire farm. It was thither that Frost met other modern day poets as Rupert Brooke, Robert Graves and Edward Thomas who inspired and motivated him. While there, Frost also found friendship in poet Ezra pound who contributed to the promotion and publication of Frosts work. At the time, of his return to the United States in 1915 Frost had published two full collections, North of capital of Massachusetts and A Boys will which had established his reputation as a re-known poet. Frost went on to become the most celebrated poet in the States increasing his fame and honors with each new book. Though his work was some-what of traditional form and by principle associated with life of New England, Frost is merely a uncomplete minor nor regional poet. The author of mystical and often searching themes, Frost is a modern poet in how he adhered to language and the complexity of his work through its layers of irony and ambiguity. Until his death in Boston on January 29, 1963, Robert Frost taught and lived in Massachusetts and Vermont for years. The road not taken is a metaphorical poem relating to the menstruum and the amount of consideration it takes an individual to score a momentous decision. In reference to Frosts biography, he made decisions that turned his life nearly totally. In the poem, the road not taken uses the path as a general metaphor for his life. He starts. Two roads diverge in a yellow wood(Line 1) Here Frost introduces the metaphorical two roads which are primary to the poem. And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long there I stood. (Lines 2 an d 3)According to the phrase Frost is trying to explain to us that we find ourselves in situations where necessity dictates it for us to make decisions. Where we have to choose this over the other, some of us spend quite a substantial amount of time deliberating over things, trying to trying to signalize the best decision. Robert himself at one point in life made the decision to quit Harvard. He went to live on his farm with his wife to change state more on his poetry writing. In the process of making this decision, he must have deliberated on what is best for him and what makes him happy. In this stanza of the poem, Robert Frost writes that he is at a crossroad where he has to choose which way he was going to embark on, to continue with his journey. Day after day we find ourselves in situations where we lead to make choices. Some involve little things others might change our lives wholly, thus the need to take our time to think about what would be the decision in relation to our lives. This stanza aptly explains this phenomenon, since Frost describes how he is at that intersection for a long while trying to decide which path would serve him best. When we look at the second stanza Frost also writes Then took the other, as just as fair. (Line 1) Frost explains how he gave both paths an equal amount of thought and concentration. Frost continues to explain his actions by asserting that one should not look at his or her choices without carefully thinking things over.

The Dialogues of Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Dialogues of Plato - Essay ExamplePlato has made immense contributions in the field of philosophy where he wrote about the ideas regarding knowledge, metaphysics, forms and other akin(predicate) ideas. More importantly, Plato wrote about the state where he gave example forms of constitution. Though a few of his ideas were derived from Socrates, yet he was often found being deviated from that of Socrates. Out of in all the works, the near intriguing one is in the state, where he identified three classes or castes in society (Plato & Benjamin 88-89)Furthermore, he gives the idea of the philosopher king who should be the central figure governing the state, and proper training of those eligible for this office must go through a rigorous education system. Thus, his work on the state and republic is one of the most applauded efforts and is appreciated till time.The positive side of the idea is the classification which clearly identifies and divides individuals based on their inher ent capabilities. This ideal is pragmatic to date since it is now an accepted notion that individuals must be assigned careers according to their capabilities. This concept is clear and distinct and is thus one of the most celebrated works associated to Plato. On the negative side, his inclination towards an aristocratic state is deemed to be the most negative side to this theory. According to Plato, aristocracy is the kind of governance where a philosopher king is the central figure of the state, and thus, he is the one who must rule the republic based on reason and wisdom. Also, he further utter that the aristocracy would decline to a timocracy over time, which would further deteriorate first into an oligarchy and then to a democracy and finally to tyranny (Plato & Benjamin 66-68).

Myocardial Infarction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Myocardial infarct - Research Paper ExampleThe area deprived of blood supply is said to have suffered ischaemic injury. The ischaemic injury, if severe enough to cause the complete block of oxygen and nutrients causes death of the heart tissue, which is termed as Myocardial Infarction (Guyton et al 200, Ganong 2005). Pathophysiology The blood vessels supplying the heart are called coronary thrombosis arteries. There are three main coronary arteries which supply different areas of heart along with their branches. These are 1) Right coronary artery, 2) Left anterior descending artery, 3) Left circumflex artery. Above 90% cases of myocardial infarction surpass as a result of coronary artery blockage, and so the disease is in like manner referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD). The most common and dangerous cause of coronary artery obstruction, and thus MI is coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing of arteries because of accumulation of atheroscleroti c plaques. These plaques are basically thrombi composed of lipid foam cells (cholesterol) and different cell components including smooth muscle, macrophages and collagen fibres. In most instances, the ischemic myocardial infarction is precipitated by the phenomenon called acute plaque change. Acute plaque change results from the rupture of pre-existing thrombi that partially occlude the lumen. The rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic endothelium. The plaques are also termed as vulnerable plaques as they contain lipids in high amounts, along with collagen fibres and inflammatory cells. When ruptured, the reactivity of these components causes the inflammatory destabilization and result in the infarction (Libby P 2001). The acute phase reactant, C reactive protein (CRP) is thus found to be high during the acute myocardial infarction (Blake et al 2003). The infarction can occur in either of the two patterns, complete occlusion of a single coronary artery referred to as transmural infarct, which results in complete ischemia of the area supplied by that particular coronary artery. Subendocardial infarcts on the other hand occlude the arteries incompletely, and thus allow some perfusion. But since subendocardium is the least perused area of the myocardium, it is more prone to ischemic death. The aim of reperfusion is to save the viable muscle from necrosis (Huber et al 1996). The myocardial injury is reversible for up to 30 minutes after the ischemic attack, thenceforth the injury becomes irreversible. The entire muscle becomes necrotic within six hours, if the collateral arteries are not well developed (Robbins et al 2005, Mohan 2007). Etiology of Myocardial Infarction The development of atherosclerotic plaques and pathogenesis of the process into the myocardial infarction is a complex one. It is a chronic disease taking years to evolve before it causes either modifiable consequences. The evolvement is subtle and the resultant damage is severe. The pathogen esis of the disease involves several factors. The balance among these factors in the long run determines the outcome of the condition. These factors can either be modifiable or non-modifiable. The modifiable factors are the ones that a person can control by bringing about certain changes. They include controlling the level of fats in diet, cessation of smoking, regular exercise and maintaining the blood pressure in the normal range (Manson et al 1996). The hyperlipidemias, i.e. elevated low density

Financial and Mangement Accounting (Cable and Wireless Plc) Essay

Financial and Mangement Accounting (Cable and Wireless Plc) - Essay ExampleCable & Wireless Plc is a attach to with operations scattered around the world. It has maintained a good profitability performance during 2008 despite the fact that revenue in 2008 declined as comp ard 2007. The emphasis was to hold open the cost of sales. Liquidity is a definite problem with the company as is with other companies as well. Efficiency on inventory turnover has cover up lot of operational weaknesses of the company in 2008. The company is highly geared and the equity holders are presented with a stage to have benefits of trading in equity. Investors are ever willing to invest as it clear from it price earning ratio. The company is following strictly the provisions IAS 14 in maintaining its accounting policy of division reporting. The information is exhaustive under primary segments that are business wise and adequate in secondary segments that are created on the basis geographical areas covere d by the company in its business operations.

The Mental Capcity Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Mental Capcity cause - Essay ExampleThe law as well as applies to common decisions involving own(prenominal) care, diet, movement and grooming.In practice, the MCA generally provides for making decisions based on the victims silk hat interests. In working out what the best interests of a under fire(predicate) party looks like, the proxy must not tamper their decision with new(prenominal) unrelated issues such as the principals age, looks, educate or behaviour. Secondly, they should consider postponing important decisions for persons who cannot make decisions due to temporary conditions. Thirdly, they should involve the individual who does not have mental capacity in decision-making processes (Murray, 2013).In contrast, the Act requires decision-making processes to be based on the vulnerable individuals past principles. It is also important for proxy decision-makers to factor in the perceptions of others, especially care providers and other parties who are interested in the individuals welfare (Symington, 2007). In addition, any such decisions should not be inclined towards taking the life of the vulnerable party if they still have a chance to recover.The MCA has since substituted an Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) with a Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA). An LPA is a licit papers allowing persons to select an individual who can decide about their health and assets in the event that they become incapable. In this case, the attorney is the party mandated to draw conclusions on their behalf. In addition, with the LPAs property and affairs option and the personal welfare option, vulnerable individuals have, since the MCA was implemented in 2007, enjoyed all-encompassing protection when they become incapacitated. The property and affairs LPA provides the attorney(s) the self-confidence to decide about the victims financial and other physical property issues, such as car or managing rental property. In contrast, the personal welfare LPA empowers the attor ney(s) to decide on the victims health and individual welfare,

Weekly current event 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly current event 2 - Essay Examplehis collections, we see humour, the impertinence, the tendency to explode myths, and the manipulation of pop up iconography all that we knew to be part of the labels founder Franco Moschino spirit and designs, commented Raffaello Napoleon, Chief executive officer of Pitti Immagine. There is also uniqueness in his work. He has ultra-sensor focused in the current times in the way he combines fabrics and materials, the best types because his designs are luxurious.The Womenswear presentations from Thomas Tait have been named as one of the events not to omit during the London Fashion Week. It brings step forward the unexpected use of volumes and the devotion to design. This gave him an offer to express his creativity in Florence.Thomas Tait addresses various issues in the globe with his collections. He says that a mien designer should always keep things off-balance, Offer buyers what they need and most importantly one should offer things inside an d out which is crucial for the fashion public and media. Many fashion designers may lack the viewpoint and vision that may not be good for the fashion business. Fashion should bring out the originality and should also be full of

Buddhism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddhism - Assignment ExampleMoreover, the tradition accepts suffering as a component of human life (BBC).The quatern noble honors laid out by the Buddha enable believers to overcome obstacles that hinder them from understanding their real nature. Buddhism lays its foundation on the four truenesss. They are also rare among other religions in the world and focus on change the faith of the believers rather than their warrior acts. Buddhists never use four noble truths to justify the warrior culture or any form of military actions and exploitations. The four truths ascribed to Buddhism are herein mentionedLife is suffering this is the first noble truth in Buddhism. It argues that the existence of the human nature is painful. In addition, suffering does not end with death due to the cyclic nature of life. Believers should focus on strengthening their faith and promoting peaceful coexistence between themselves as well as with nature rather than lament on the painful situations they enc ounter in life.There is a source of suffering the second noble truth expounds on the cause of suffering among humans. It explains that suffering results from individual clinging and craving. In addition, suffering has links with human ignorance of reality. The thirst held by people to satisfy their immediate interests is the main source of suffering in life (BBC).Individuals can overcome craving the third noble truth establishes the cure for suffering among believers. The truth argues that a person can end his/her suffering by overcoming the need to satisfy their personal desires egotistically. Once an individual overcomes selfish craving, they enter into a state alluded to as Nirvana and that their suffering diminishes. In this state, an individual attains perfect happiness and peace as is the case of heaven. In Buddhism, it is the highest manageable state.The fourth noble truth provides believers with a criterion for overcoming selfish cravings. The process involves eight steps , which

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen Essay Example for Free

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen EssayCulture and opthalmic entertainment media have an interrelationship with each separate such as film and television. As the years go by and more and more television describes and movies have been created they have in my opinion gravel of a reflection of our cultural times. Society is watching the films and television and stick outing that they can relate to what they are watching which then they are able to nominate away a message. mickle can see visual instead of having to read to learn which can give them a different perspective that they whitethorn not have thought of on their own. As people passel the visual entertainment they and see what is being influenced from the way people act, dress, talk, and so fore since it is what is shaping our culture. The Brady Bunch is an physical exertion of how families were starting to see that families can merge together and become one family, the outfits and hairstyles w ere being mimicked by people in workaday life. I remember watching this show thinking how cool is it to have two families merge together. This showed that the social influences of visual entertainment media can be positive.People can still watch visual media that is been out dated but still learn about American culture with such shows. Another example is The Breakfast Club this movie is a classic and still very relevant to how our American culture is shaped. In this movie they look at individuals and show that even though we are from whole walks of life such as a jock, nerd, snob, shy, and criminal that we all have similarities in the end if we stop and pull back a moment to see. I Love Lucy was a huge influence on visual entertainment people wanted to have the grace, the silliness, and could also see that they lived modestly which made it relate to society.Visual media can be negative as well a positive influence on social behavior. When we view visual entertainment I would say majority want to emulate the celebrities that they are viewing which can be negative or positive depending on that moment. People want to fit in society and with visual entertainment that can shape them in to something different.I remember during the eightys all of the shows and movies I watch were all the underdog wins in the end and I felt that this is what I want I want to be the underdog the stand along and befriends with everyone. chance what I was that person I still am that person as well as I take up for the underdog and befriend everyone as well as treat everyone with respect no matter what. I can thank Sixteen Candles, Full House, The Breakfast Club, The Outsiders, and I Love Lucy were all visual entertainment that made me who I am as well as a lot of others.

POLC in the School System Essay Example for Free

POLC in the School System EssayJust like any other organization, a discipline system would not be able to function properly without an efficient administrator and an effective administration process. In the case of school systems, the administrator would be the superintendent of the school. As the administrator, the superintendent serves as both the leader and the manager of the school.In order to be a successful and efficient administrator, the superintendent should cerebrate on four areas planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In the case of planning, the administrator should be able to pinpoint appropriate goals for the whole school system. The goal usually carries prospects for progress, equality, and unity. As serving of the planning process, the administrator should also be able to identify the best courses of action in fulfilling the chosen goals. Such goals should be evaluated at a secureness can so as to assess if they are ion line with the demands of tim e.After planning the goals and the ways towards its achievement, the administrator should be able to put those plans into action. Organizing is as authorized as the plan itself. As such, the clean administrator should be able to formulate task and authority relations. He should be able to establish an organizational set-up that will allow the school system to efficiently and quickly make the vision, a reality, if he/she may deem the present set-up is inappropriate. As the leader of the school, the new administrator should also be able to influence people- from the students to the teachers, and even the other sectors involved in establishing an effective educational system such as the community, the parents, governmental agencies, and many more.He or she should be able to motivate and unite them, and provide them with a common goal for the educational welfare of the students and for the encouragement of harmony and efficiency of learning and teaching processes. He or she should be able to encourage everyone to work towards a common goal, which is usually the mission and vision of the school.Lastly, by and by ensuring the plans, the set-up and the people are all set for action the administrator should be able to control the organization. Control should not be equated with stringent and numerous laws and regulations matched with several(a) sanctions. Instead, it should be associated with the establishment of precise evaluation processes that will allow the administrator to measure and monitor the organizations development at regular basis overtime, in accordance with the established goals.ReferencesBrennen, Annick M. (n.d.) The Administration of Elementary Schools. Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//www.soencouragement.org/admin-of-elementary-schools.htmThe Management Process Today (n.d.) Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073011223/317076/samplechapter.pdf

Defence Logistics Organisation Analysis for War Suitability

Defence logisticals Organisation Analysis for War SuitabilityCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHistoric anyy, republic states tolerate intaked military power as an instruement of state to achieve their study aims objectives. To fightds that end, logisticalalals along with strategy and tactics constitute an important sub comp wholenessnt of the practical art of contendfargon fighting 1. It therefore evolves upon students of military history to grasp the nuances of logistics, the way it affects the truly(prenominal) essence of modern, contemporaneous war fighting philosophy.To put d sustain with, it is non incorrect to say that the military activity knget as logistics is probably as old as war itself. The word logistics is derived from the Greek adjective, logistikus importation skilled in calculating. Research indicates that the first enjoyment of the word with reference to an organised military administrative service was by the French writer Jomini who served as a staff of ficer in Napoleons tweets. In 1838, he set down logistics as matchless of the six branches of the military art, the other five cosmos statesmanship in its relationship to war, strategy or art of properly directing masses upon the theatre of war, grand tactics, engineering and minor tactics. He include the phrase it is the execution of strategic and tactical enterprises in his definition of logistics. In absolutely, he devised a theory of war upon the trinity of strategy, ground tactics and logistics. He defined it as practical art of moving armies 2.Based on the experience gained everyplace the years, the term was redefined in 1968 wherein logistics was referred to as the art and science of creating and maintaining a military capability. It consists of the process of determining requirements, acquisitions, distributions and concern of materials. As regards, our Indian manuals, they define logistics as the science of planning and carrying out the movement and aid of moguls3. In todays usage, logistics is the blend of providing each(prenominal) the material and services that a military force pick ups in Peace or War. Logistics, therefore, coers a wide canvas broadly includes all military activities, other than strategy and tactics. It would therefore, be prudent to refer to logistics as the bridge betwixt our combat troops and the industry natural resources of our country.Logistics perse is a come across element of Doctrine, too, which describes it as a process that consists of planning and executing the movement and sustenance of operating forces in executing a military strategy and operations. It is basically moving, supplying and maintaining military forces and is basic to the ability of armies, fleets and air forces to operate indeed to experience. It has a direct bearing on a countrys capability to keep up a estateal strategy 4.As the rapidly evolving modern battlefield milieu transforms into unmindful, trigger-happy and technologica lly intensive wars, the everywhere bearing destiny for a marking proof and highly responsive logistic organizational mental synthesis for Indian forces to meet the logistic imperatives of a suddenly war can non be over emphasized.Our re gratuitying logistics system has been inherited from the British. Though the logistic system in command and the logistic fundamental law in particular switch been subjected to numerous improvements and changes over the last six decades, the logistic system perse has failed to evolve with changing times and has more or less retained its archaic feature. The major, Mathew5 reason for the antiquated fictitious character of our logistic system is the flawed schemeal structure which inhibits and keeps optimum utilisation of our well developed and vast case logistic capacities. Restructuring of our existing exoneration logistics organisation, therefore, is a pre-requisite to structure our logistic system to meet the logistic imperatives of a soon war.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGYStatement of the ProblemTo study and analyse the existing defensive structure logistics organisation and to ascertain its suitability to meet the logistics imperatives of a short war.HypothesisOur existing defence logistics organization is based on archaic concepts and will non be able to deliver adequately in a short war.ScopeThe scope of this study is restricted to analysis of the existing defence logistics organisation and to extract a viable and responsive organisational structure that can meet the logistics imperatives of a short war.Methods of Data Collection.The data and information has been gathered from books, journals, periodicals, internet sites and also from own exposure and experience. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text.CHAPTER IIILIMITED / SHORT WAR IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT AND ITS IMPERATIVESWar has been the single intimately important instruement by which few of the great facts of human history have b een accomplished and maintained. It has been used as an instruement against aggression as also as an instruement of aggression itself. It has played the most dominant role in nearly all important crisis of humankind it has been used to achieve liberty, to ensure democracy as also in mental synthesis great empires and in enforcing dictatorships.The term war today has come to include many more kinds of hostile activities expressage war, short war, total war, cold war, zealous war, propaganda war, psychological war, ground war, put war as also various other low -intensity conflicts much(prenominal) as guerilla war and fourth times warf atomic number 18. Thus war today is non only far more horrifying and a far more complex affair, it has also come to disseminate all other aspects of mans social life 6. particular WarThe concept of confine war goes back to the 19th century when miitary theorists beneathscored the determinative relationship between political ends and military means. Both 19th century theorist Clausewitz and his 20th century successor Liddell Hart were committed sanctions of the use of limited war or limited force as opposed to total war. In the 19th century, when concepts of blitzkrieg and wars of annihilation dominated military thoughts and policies, Clausewitz opposed such(prenominal) concepts. He stated, policy-making objectives, as the original motives of the war, should be the standard for determining both the aim of the military force and also the aim of effort to be made. With the advancement in automatic warfare in the middle of World War II, Liddell Hart realised that because of the destructive nature of the limbs, wars should be limited however, he did non countenance limited war as a strategy. Later after the development of nuclear weapons, Liddell Hart came up with the concept of limited war. He said, Where both sides occupy atomic power, total war makes nonsense and any unlimited war waged with atomic power would make worse than nonsense it would be mutually suicidal. He goes on to say any total war, or even the preparation for it, is likely to carry more evils in its train, without bearing any good call in the event of victory 7.Robert E Osgood defined limited war as A limited war is one in which the belligerents restrict the endeavor for which they fight to concrete, well defined objectives that do not demand the utmost military effort of which the belligerents are capable and that can be accommodated in a negotiated settlement. The battle is confined to a local geographical area and directed against selected targets primarily those of direct military splendour. It permits their economic, social and political patterns of existence to continue without dangerous disruption. In another study, Osgood defines limited war as a war that was to be fought for ends far short of the complete subordination of one states will to anothers use means that involve far less than the total military resour ces of the belligerents and leave the civilian life and the armed forces of the belligerents largely intact. Robert Osgood also admitted that limited war was not a uniform phenomena, it meant different things to different people. War could be limited in different ways and could be limited in or so and not limited in others. For instance, a war limited in geographical terms whitethorn be unlimited in weapons employed or the targets involved. Similarly, a war may be limited for one of the adversaries yet unlimited in the eyes of the other 8.Osgood while writing an epilogue on US experiences in Vietnam war, candidly confessed that even in nuclear age, a category of limited war exists which was still limited because of terminus ad quem of means. He examined limited war infra three different categories of Central War, Local War and Unconventional war. While Central war involved use of nuclear weapons and was unacceptable, popularity of unconventional wars declined in US post Vietnam war. Hence, Osgood rated conventional local war as the most practical form of limited war though he did factor the contingencies which may arise and require other two categories to grow operating(a) 9.Henry Kissinger, in Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy advocated that limited war might be a war confined to a defined geographical area, or war that does not utilize the entire available weapons system (such as refraining from the use of thermonuclear weapons). It may be a war which utilizes entire weapons system but it limits its employment to specific targets 10. Kissinger, the man tail end the Nixon Administrations adoption of the strategy of circumscribed Nuclear Options popularly known as Schlesinger Doctrine defined limited war as a war fought for specific political objectives which, by their very existence, led to establish a relationship between the force employed and the goal to be attained. It reflects an attempt to affect the opponents will, not to crush it, to mak e the conditions to be imposed seem more attractive than continued resistance to strive for specific goals and not for complete annihilation 11.Kissinger , nevertheless, propogated a limited nuclear war strategy which came into conflict with the arguments of known proponets of limited war like Osgood and William Kaufmann, then the greatest critic of limited nuclear war. Kaufmann, a Yale University scholar and the brain potty the McMamara Strategy of flexible response, advocated keeping the war limited and its escalation to a lower place control.A more apt definition of limited war in line with coeval thought process and environment is An armed conflict in which at least one protagonist intentionally restricts his objectives and/or means to accomplish those objectives. lettered restriction can be self imposed or induced by an opponent or another nation or nations or organizations 12. restrain war is also defined as a military encounter in which the two warring sides see each other on op session sides and in which the effort of each falls short of the attempt to use all of its power to destroy the other 13.Beyond doubt, boundary in warfare has always been impressed upon on the grounds of either morality or other limitations of resources and technology. However, with the advent of nuclear weapons on the one hand and of irreconciliable ideologies on the other, limitation in warfare had turn a matter of necessity if the war was to sustain its traditional role of universe an instruement of politics. And it is here that the strategy of limited war which seeks to preserve the eternal values of primacy of politics and economy of force even in the nuclear age has assumed supreme importance. modified war mannikin does not include wars involving non-nuclear states. Instead, limited wars are conflicts in which vital interests of the nuclear powers are directly or indirectly involved and in which, therefore, the threat of their amplification into a Total W ar system omni deport imminent. Hence, it is this massive and deliberate hobbling of their infinite power by nuclear weapon powers that qualifies a conflict as limited war.Such wars have also been termed as Short Wars and , as seen in numerous conflicts since second World War II, have retained their pre-eminence as the most acceptable category of war in the contemporary nuclear age. The US and the Soviet Union, the two nuclear superpowers in cold war era, had the give-up the ghost to not only ensure limitation of conflicts that involved dangers of exploding into a nuclear war but also to modify its war fighting school of thoughts to address the imperatives of terrific short wars, which were likely to manifest in the nuclear enviornment. However, as the Soviet Union dis commingled, it enjoined on the US to effect a major shift in US war fighting principles, wherein it adopted a short war specific logistic structure to take over the challenges to US strategic security calculus . The logistic structure catered for highly vehement and violent battlefield which would have exacted heavy casualties of men, material and equipment 14. peculiar(a) War In Indian ContextThe Indian especial(a) War doctrine had its roots in homework of our response to the Pakistani aggression in Kargil in 1999. As the Dec 2001 terrorist strike led to militarisation and protracted deployment in Operation Parakram, the Indian strategists offered Limited War as Indias answer to what in security theory is termed as the stability-instability paradox. In the recent years, the limited war theory has acquired highly placed proponents and gained its own doctrinal respectability amidst extreme public debates amongst Indian think tanks. Paradoxically, the Pakistani strategic experts community calls our advanced strategy as a doctrinal response based on regurgitation of American limited war concept of nineteen fifties to be and deter Pakistan 15.Evidently, the Indian perspective on limited conventional war in a nuclear backdrop has witnessed intense and vigorous debate with proponents and opponents present questions and counter questions on the fortune of a limited conventional war escalating into a nuclear conflagaration. Historically, nuclear weapons have engendered caution between adversarial states, wherein the 1969 Soviet-Sino Ussuri River clashes and Indo-Pak Kargil war form the only two cases where two declared nuclear weapon states have engaged in armed conflict 16. Therefore, the options for India, to pursue its limited war doctrine against Pakistan, is to either apply military power quadd out in time and concentrated in space or stretched out in space and concentrated in time. In other words, Indian defense doctrine and strategy must seek to apply calibrated force for punitive effect, which does not have a destabilizing effect on the adversary 17. The nuclear factor in South Asia has rendered total war unthinkable and limited war has become a necessity a nd must be central to the military input provided to the political leadership as an option to secure conflict limitation 18. From the Pak perspective, a limited conventional war in the Indo- Pak context, can be defined as a war designed to achieve specified political objectives by applying compatible resources in a critical area and by acting smartly in a manner so as to leave transmit minimum incentive for the opponent to react with nuclear weapons without taking definite risk to suffer more gains 19 . India, of late, is also forced to contend with an increasingly aggressive and belligerent China which sees India as the single biggest rival to Chinese pre- eminence in Asia. As numerous strategic and defence experts have began to increase the prospect of a Sino-Indian military conflagration in the Himalayas, an objective look at the time frame duration of such a conflict is also mandated.A limited war in our context would envisage a likely time frame of 21- 28 days. This time f rame is a logical one as geo-political realities of an armed conflict between two nuclear states along with inherent limitations of developing states in terms of economy, war waging capability etc will keep continuation of viable operations beyond four weeks. Moreover, in a Sino-Indian conflict, the restrictive campaigning season of approximately two months will be a determinant of duration of hostilities as both sides would need time to build up their forces in the post monsoon phase. Otherwise, too, all our past wars have unambiguously been short wars, limited in duration and objectives and the future wars in a nuclear backdrop are going to be anything but different. Yet, the future wars will be short but highly intense, destructive wars, exacting heavy casualties of men, material and equipment in fast, fluid mobile battles across the entire spectrum of conflict in a technologically driven war fighting environment with far reaching implications for the war fighting philosophies o f the adversaries.Logistics ImperativesThe future battlefield in an intense, short war would compel a major transformation in our logistic support system with likely changes as downstairs 20 -Limited preparatory period and highly intense short duration war, necessitating an efficient mobilisation plan.Self contained theatre based logistic support structure.High attrition rate due to greater truth and lethality of long range weapon systems necessitating forward positioning of a greater quantum of reserves.Greater emphasis on intra theatre re extension and re-supply of logistics resources.A sense and oppose system working on the push stupefy.Adoption of information technology and decision support systems for total asset visibility and improved inventory perplexity 21.Need to improve survivability of logistics echelons by dispersion and area air defence cover where possible.Maximum reliance on air maintenance for maintenance of neural impulse especially in mountainous and deser t terrains.Need for greater degree of logistics flexibility and redundancy in all theatres.Increased strain on logistics support system due to greater density of high technological equipment in battlefield.The diversity of terrain and our varied practicable roles, required to be performed in highly intense, short duration wars pose enormous logistic challenges and demand a dynamic, vernal blast to include simple, flexible and efficient logistic plans, based on a technology driven, seamless and fully networked logistic system. Such an glide slope is required to conflate the logistic resources of the three services and to utilize the existing national pedestal more profitably to improve our logistic efficiency and enhance our operational readiness 22.CHAPTER IVANALYSIS TO INCLUDE SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTINGLOGISTIC ORGANISATION live Defence Logistic SystemNational LevelIn India, the Cabinet direction on Security (CCS) is the highest decision making body on national security and st rategic issues and is mandated to formulate policies for the defence of the country through the National Security Council ( NSC ) established in 1998. The Defence Minister, who is a member of the Cabinet committee on Security, heads the Ministry of Defence ( MOD )and is responsible for implementing the governments defence policies. The defence policies get implemented through various committees functioning under the MOD 23. Details of such committees are as under -Defence Ministers mission.Defence Ministers Production and Supply committee.Defence Research and Development Council.Chiefs of Staff delegation.The Defence Ministers committee is responsible for defence planning while the Production and Supply perpetration is most important as it covers the entire gamut of planning force levels and equipment planning related to availabilty of resources. The Chiefs of Staff Committee advise the Defence Minister on all military matters including logistics matters. Another committee calle d the Joint Adminstration Planning Committee (JAPC) having representatives from the Services, is placed under the Chiefs of Staff Committee to coordinate the logistics effort of the three services and to prepare a joint adminstration plan to supplement and support the boilers suit mobilisation and operational plan evolved by the Joint Planning Committee ( JPC ) 24.regular army LogisticsAt Army Headquarters level, the agencies responsibile for providing logistics are the Adjutant General (AG), Quartermaster familiar (QMG), Master General of Ordnance (MGO) and Engineering-in-Chief (E-in-C). basically the existing system is influenced by what was primarily inherited from the British Army. In the present organization, the supply and transport are under the QMG while Ordnance and EME are with the MGO and the Medical services have been placed under the AG. Moreover, selection and introduction of any new equipment though a joint righteousness, is with the Weapons and Equipment (WE) Dir ectorate while maintenance of such equipment is a logistic function. In order to coordinate various branches and to ensure smooth flow, Directorate General Operational Logistics (DGOL) has been created. However, the watchfulness and control of the logistic services has not been brought under a unified single focussing or control, which gives rise to a number of intra-service logistical problems , thereby making the line of DGOL difficult 25. Utilisation of army cipher also is a problem area as the QMG Branch, which is responsible for large portion of Armys logistic planning, spends almost two-fifths of the army compute 26. Thus the staff support is highly fragmented and does not approximate to the concept of integrated logistic support.IAF LogisticsIn IAF, the Logistics Branch handles all the equipment, materials guidance and distribution functions 27. At the Air Headquarters, Air Officer-in-charge Maintenance ( AOM ) and Air Officer-in-charge administration ( AOA ) perform f unctions similar to those of the AG and the QMG in the army and partly similar to those of MGO. The AOM is help by four Additional Chiefs of Air Staff ( ACAS ) and Air Officer Logistics ( AOL ). The AOM to a large extent, provides single point management and control, wherein all specialist aspects of aircraft and equipment maintenance, slip away and provisioning of stores in respect of each weapon system is looked after. In addition, the Initial Provisioning Committee and Maintenance Planning Teams provide logistic support for the newly introduced aircraft and weapon systems 28. As regards, functions of AOA, he is help by two ACsAS and controls administrative aspects such as organization, works, accounts, legal ,medical, pay and provost.Navy LogisticsIn Navy, the Chief of naturals (COM ), a principle Staff Officer to the Naval Chief at Naval Headquarters is responsible for entire Logistics management function in the Navy. He is assisted by the Controller of Logistics Support, who functions directly under the Chief of significant and deals with logistics support, clothing and victualling, armament supply and transport. In addition, there are two Assistant Chiefs of Materials aiding the Chief of Material to deal with Systems and DR. The Chief of Personnel (COP) heads the personnel branch and handles the medical services, recruitment, welfare and service conditions 29.Analysis of the quick SystemAn analysis of the existing logistics system reveals some glaring and profound weaknesses which need to be redressed forthwith, in order to obviate potential adverse effects on our national security. The systemic weaknesses are enunciate in the fields of our logistic organization, both at national and services level and also in our failure to integrate our logistics system. The later, in fact, is a saying of a flawed organizational set up, being carried forward as a legacy of the colonial times. That so many past studies and writings by experts on the subject h ave failed to elicit the attention of the decision makers concerned is a sad reflection on our system and underlines a lack of general national perspective for logistics. Further, it is apparent that the decision making structures at the national and services level are either inappropriate or simply unresponsive. Our logistic system, though has taken the obvious weaknesses and the shortcomings in its stride and has delivered the goods in all wars fought by us in the post independence period. As such, it is of utmost importance that the obvious shortcomings are identified and addressed in order to integrate and optimize our logistics system as a true component of the National Effort, demand to react to growing threats to our national security.Shortcomings of our Logistic SystemOrganisational Weakness. At the top echelons of the MOD and Chiefs of Staff Committee ( COSC ), Defence by Committees is the accepted style of functioning, which is scarce conducive to efficient functioning . The Service chiefs are responsible for operational and logistic preparedness, but exercise little or no control over budget and provisioning of war like material, which remains the direct prerogative of the MOD.No National Level Organisation. Neither any national level organisation exists to oversee, coordinate and integrate our defence needs with national development nor any visible efforts are seen towards orienting national level logistical planning to our defence requirements.Lack of special K Logistic Doctrine. patronage jointness and desegregation being the buzzwords, the three services have failed to evolve a common logistics doctrine and philosophy of logistic support.Multiplicity of Logistic Agencies. There is a multiplicity in logistic agencies with no single authority responsible to the Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ) for logistics preparedness. Lack of centralized logistic support encourages duplication and wasteful expenditure.Multiple Procurement Agencies. Multiple procurement agencies in the services with lack of interaction, work against the principle of economy and lead to change magnitude costs.Lack of Standardisation and Codification . It leads to duplication and high inventories. Multiple stocking echelons ,too, lead to a high level of stocking and is compounded due to lack of an integrated systems approach to determine stock levels. A vast range of assorted equipment, both imported and indigenous, has only exacerbated the problems of providing effective logistics backup 30.Inventory Automation. scorn commonality of procedures, pick out inventory automation has been undertaken by all three services, thus violating the administration principal of economy.Private Sector Involvement in Defence Research and Development. Despite the dynamic changes ushered by Defence Procurement Procedure 2005 2009, the private sector involvement in defence research development and defence production has not reached the desired levels.Attitudinal Chang e towards logistics, In Indian Army, an attitude has been prevalent for long, wherein logistics consideration in an operational plan are invariably given short shrift under the mistaken belief that a commanders tactical brilliance will some how compensate for inadequate consideration of logistics. The practice of not involving the logistics functionary in cooking of operational plans and then leaving the logistics planning entirely to logisticians is an inevitable recipe for disaster.Mobilisation. Mobilisation involves movement of men and material, wherein move by rail is carried out under the aegis of the Operational Rail Movement Plan (ORMP). Though the plan has been validated during OP VIJAY and OP PARAKRAM , concerns remain as regards the move and dispersion of strike and dual parturiency formations as also the creation of requisite cornerstone for unloading / loading at railway stations concerned. Besides this, shortage of defence rolling stocks exist which will inhibit s peedy mobilisation.Functioning of Ordnance Factories and the PSUs. Director General of Ordnance Factories and the Defence Public Sector Undertakings are major defence manufacturers. However, the present organisational structure precludes the optimum functioning of these organisations. Despite being an intrinsic part of Defence Ministers Production and Supply Committee ( DPSC ) , the Ordnance Factory Board ( OFB ) unremarkably functions independently and in any case is not accountable to the Army or the defence, though the funding for the OFB is made from the Army Budget. As such, the Chief of Army Staff has very little say with respect to production and priority in delivery of items. The OFB items also have quality concerns especially in general stores and clothing items.Multiple Echelon System. The multiple echelon system which is existing as the chain of supply to the field formations need critical examination and reduction of echelons where feasible. Logistics support need not be the same across the board for all formations in the country, it can be tailor-made to meet the requirement of a particular sector, the terrain, the vitrine of operations and equipment likely to operate in the area. This will cut down the time factor for move from source to the field formation.Push Model. The push dumbfound of pumping the logistics requirement of troops forward has been partially implemented in certain areas. It needs to be implemented across the board to ensure that the troops do not have to look over their shoulders for logistics support.CHAPTER VANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY LOGISTICS ORGANISATIONOF MAJOR MILITARY POWERS US SystemThe US Armed Forces have a highly efficient and responsive logistic system, based on a dynamic organizational structure which has evolved to meet the ever changing operational requirements. The Defence Logistic Agency ( DLA ), a US Department of Defence ( DOD ) agency supplies the nations military services and several civilian agencies wi th the wide ranging logistical support for peacetime and wartime operations as well as emergency preparedness and humanitarian missions 31. The DLA Director reports to the Under Secretary of Defence for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics through the deputy Under Secretary of Defence ( Logistics and Material Readiness ).The DLA has evolved from Defence Supply Agency ( DSA ), which worked on the Single Manager Concept, wherein eight service agencies viz army, navy, air force etc handled one commodity each and became DSA supply centers.In 1977, DLA was established with the aim of centralizing the management of common military logistics support and to introduce uniform pecuniary management practices. Later, the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, for desegregation of US Armed Forces, identified DLA as a combat support agency. In Feb 2000, a new DLA organization structure part of an integrated plan called DLA 21 integrated all distribution depots of the military services into a single , unified material distribution system to foreshorten overhead costs and place them under DLA for management. It also created four major sub agencies under the DLA as under -Def Logistics Support Command ( DLSC). Responsible for integration of logistics operations, supply chain management, readiness and contigency operations support. It is also responsible for procurement, storage and distribution of consumable parts, fuel, medical, subsistence and clothing and textile support. It has subsequently been reorganised as DLA Logistics trading operations Directorate ( DLALO J-3 ).Def Contract Management Command. Responsible for DODs primary contract administration activity.Information trading operations. Responsible for DLAs information technology activities to enhance e-commerce, logistics support system and roll automation in support of military logistics.Financial Operations. Responsible for streamlining DLAs fiscal system for agencys future initiatives.UK SystemUK, too, has been a fore runner in macrocosm of defence reforms, which began with thDefence Logistics Organisation Analysis for War SuitabilityDefence Logistics Organisation Analysis for War SuitabilityCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHistorically, nation states have used military power as an instruement of state to achieve their national aims objectives. Towards that end, logistics along with strategy and tactics constitute an important sub region of the practical art of war fighting 1. It therefore evolves upon students of military history to grasp the nuances of logistics, the way it affects the very essence of modern, contemporary war fighting philosophy.To set forth with, it is not incorrect to say that the military activity known as logistics is probably as old as war itself. The word logistics is derived from the Greek adjective, logistikus inwardness skilled in calculating. Research indicates that the first use of the word with reference to an organised military administrative service was by the Fre nch writer Jomini who served as a staff officer in Napoleons army. In 1838, he set down logistics as one of the six branches of the military art, the other five being statesmanship in its relationship to war, strategy or art of properly directing masses upon the theatre of war, grand tactics, engineering and minor tactics. He include the phrase it is the execution of strategic and tactical enterprises in his definition of logistics. In short, he devised a theory of war upon the trinity of strategy, ground tactics and logistics. He defined it as practical art of moving armies 2.Based on the experience gained over the years, the term was redefined in 1968 wherein Logistics was referred to as the art and science of creating and maintaining a military capability. It consists of the process of determining requirements, acquisitions, distributions and maintenance of materials. As regards, our Indian manuals, they define logistics as the science of planning and carrying out the movement an d maintenance of forces3. In todays usage, logistics is the function of providing all the material and services that a military force needs in Peace or War. Logistics, therefore, covers a wide canvas broadly includes all military activities, other than strategy and tactics. It would therefore, be prudent to refer to logistics as the bridge between our combat troops and the industry natural resources of our country.Logistics perse is a list element of Doctrine, too, which describes it as a process that consists of planning and executing the movement and sustenance of operating forces in executing a military strategy and operations. It is essentially moving, supplying and maintaining military forces and is basic to the ability of armies, fleets and air forces to operate indeed to exist. It has a direct bearing on a countrys capability to support a national strategy 4.As the rapidly evolving modern battlefield milieu transforms into short, intense and technologically intensive wars , the over bearing need for a p liveograph proof and highly responsive logistic organizational structure for Indian Army to meet the logistic imperatives of a short war cannot be over emphasized.Our existing logistics system has been inherited from the British. Though the logistic system in general and the logistic organisation in particular have been subjected to numerous improvements and changes over the last six decades, the logistic system perse has failed to evolve with changing times and has more or less retained its archaic character. The major, Mathew5 reason for the antiquated character of our logistic system is the flawed organisational structure which inhibits and precludes optimum utilisation of our well developed and vast national logistic capacities. Restructuring of our existing defence logistics organisation, therefore, is a pre-requisite to structure our logistic system to meet the logistic imperatives of a short war.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGYStatement of the ProblemTo study and analyse the existing defence logistics organisation and to ascertain its suitability to meet the logistics imperatives of a short war.HypothesisOur existing defence logistics organization is based on archaic concepts and will not be able to deliver adequately in a short war.ScopeThe scope of this study is restricted to analysis of the existing defence logistics organisation and to propose a viable and responsive organisational structure that can meet the logistics imperatives of a short war.Methods of Data Collection.The data and information has been gathered from books, journals, periodicals, internet sites and also from own exposure and experience. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text.CHAPTER IIILIMITED / SHORT WAR IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT AND ITS IMPERATIVESWar has been the single most important instruement by which most of the great facts of human history have been accomplished and maintained. It has been used as an instruement against aggressi on as also as an instruement of aggression itself. It has played the most dominant role in nearly all important crisis of humankind it has been used to achieve liberty, to ensure democracy as also in building great empires and in enforcing dictatorships.The term war today has come to include many more kinds of hostile activities limited war, short war, total war, cold war, hot war, propaganda war, psychological war, ground war, space war as also various other low -intensity conflicts such as guerilla war and fourth generation warfare. Thus war today is not only far more horrifying and a far more complex affair, it has also come to riddle all other aspects of mans social life 6.Limited WarThe concept of limited war goes back to the 19th century when miitary theorists underscored the determinative relationship between political ends and military means. Both 19th century theorist Clausewitz and his 20th century successor Liddell Hart were committed advocates of the use of limited wa r or limited force as opposed to total war. In the 19th century, when concepts of blitzkrieg and wars of annihilation dominated military thoughts and policies, Clausewitz opposed such concepts. He stated, semipolitical objectives, as the original motives of the war, should be the standard for determining both the aim of the military force and also the aim of effort to be made. With the advancement in automatic warfare in the middle of World War II, Liddell Hart realised that because of the destructive nature of the weapons, wars should be limited however, he did not advocate limited war as a strategy. Later after the development of nuclear weapons, Liddell Hart came up with the concept of limited war. He said, Where both sides possess atomic power, total war makes nonsense and any unlimited war waged with atomic power would make worse than nonsense it would be mutually suicidal. He goes on to say any total war, or even the preparation for it, is likely to carry more evils in its tr ain, without bearing any good forebode in the event of victory 7.Robert E Osgood defined limited war as A limited war is one in which the belligerents restrict the offer for which they fight to concrete, well defined objectives that do not demand the utmost military effort of which the belligerents are capable and that can be accommodated in a negotiated settlement. The battle is confined to a local geographical area and directed against selected targets primarily those of direct military importance. It permits their economic, social and political patterns of existence to continue without dear disruption. In another study, Osgood defines limited war as a war that was to be fought for ends far short of the complete subordination of one states will to anothers using means that involve far less than the total military resources of the belligerents and leave the civilian life and the armed forces of the belligerents largely intact. Robert Osgood also admitted that limited war was not a uniform phenomena, it meant different things to different people. War could be limited in different ways and could be limited in some and not limited in others. For instance, a war limited in geographical terms may be unlimited in weapons employed or the targets involved. Similarly, a war may be limited for one of the adversaries yet unlimited in the eyes of the other 8.Osgood while writing an epilogue on US experiences in Vietnam war, candidly confessed that even in nuclear age, a category of limited war exists which was still limited because of limitation of means. He examined limited war under three different categories of Central War, Local War and Unconventional war. While Central war involved use of nuclear weapons and was unacceptable, popularity of unconventional wars declined in US post Vietnam war. Hence, Osgood rated conventional local war as the most practical form of limited war though he did factor the contingencies which may arise and require other two categorie s to become operational 9.Henry Kissinger, in Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy advocated that limited war might be a war confined to a defined geographical area, or war that does not utilize the entire available weapons system (such as refraining from the use of thermonuclear weapons). It may be a war which utilizes entire weapons system but it limits its employment to specific targets 10. Kissinger, the man behind the Nixon Administrations adoption of the strategy of Limited Nuclear Options popularly known as Schlesinger Doctrine defined limited war as a war fought for specific political objectives which, by their very existence, led to establish a relationship between the force employed and the goal to be attained. It reflects an attempt to affect the opponents will, not to crush it, to make the conditions to be imposed seem more attractive than continued resistance to strive for specific goals and not for complete annihilation 11.Kissinger , nevertheless, propogated a lim ited nuclear war strategy which came into conflict with the arguments of known proponets of limited war like Osgood and William Kaufmann, then the greatest critic of limited nuclear war. Kaufmann, a Yale University scholar and the brain behind the McMamara Strategy of flexible response, advocated keeping the war limited and its escalation under control.A more apt definition of limited war in line with contemporary thought process and environment is An armed conflict in which at least one protagonist intentionally restricts his objectives and/or means to accomplish those objectives. wise(p) restriction can be self imposed or induced by an opponent or another nation or nations or organizations 12. Limited war is also defined as a military encounter in which the two warring sides see each other on opponent sides and in which the effort of each falls short of the attempt to use all of its power to destroy the other 13.Beyond doubt, limitation in warfare has always been impressed up on on the grounds of either morality or other limitations of resources and technology. However, with the advent of nuclear weapons on the one hand and of irreconciliable ideologies on the other, limitation in warfare had become a matter of necessity if the war was to sustain its traditional role of being an instruement of politics. And it is here that the strategy of limited war which seeks to preserve the eternal values of primacy of politics and economy of force even in the nuclear age has assumed supreme importance. Limited war manikin does not include wars involving non-nuclear states. Instead, limited wars are conflicts in which vital interests of the nuclear powers are directly or indirectly involved and in which, therefore, the threat of their expansion into a Total War remains omnipresent imminent. Hence, it is this massive and deliberate hobbling of their infinite power by nuclear weapon powers that qualifies a conflict as limited war.Such wars have also been termed as Sh ort Wars and , as seen in numerous conflicts since second World War II, have retained their pre-eminence as the most acceptable category of war in the contemporary nuclear age. The US and the Soviet Union, the two nuclear superpowers in cold war era, had the responsibility to not only ensure limitation of conflicts that involved dangers of exploding into a nuclear war but also to modify its war fighting doctrines to address the imperatives of intense short wars, which were likely to manifest in the nuclear enviornment. However, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it enjoined on the US to effect a major shift in US war fighting doctrines, wherein it adopted a short war specific logistic structure to support the challenges to US strategic security calculus. The logistic structure catered for highly intense and violent battlefield which would have exacted heavy casualties of men, material and equipment 14.Limited War In Indian ContextThe Indian Limited War doctrine had its roots in form ulation of our response to the Pakistani aggression in Kargil in 1999. As the Dec 2001 terrorist strike led to mobilization and protracted deployment in Operation Parakram, the Indian strategists offered Limited War as Indias answer to what in security theory is termed as the stability-instability paradox. In the recent years, the limited war theory has acquired highly placed proponents and gained its own doctrinal respectability amidst intense public debates amongst Indian think tanks. Paradoxically, the Pakistani strategic experts community calls our new strategy as a doctrinal response based on regurgitation of American limited war concept of nineteen fifties to adventure and deter Pakistan 15.Evidently, the Indian perspective on limited conventional war in a nuclear backdrop has witnessed intense and vigorous debate with proponents and opponents posing questions and counter questions on the probability of a limited conventional war escalating into a nuclear conflagaration. Hist orically, nuclear weapons have engendered caution between adversarial states, wherein the 1969 Soviet-Sino Ussuri River clashes and Indo-Pak Kargil war remains the only two cases where two declared nuclear weapon states have engaged in armed conflict 16. Therefore, the options for India, to pursue its limited war doctrine against Pakistan, is to either apply military power spaced out in time and concentrated in space or stretched out in space and concentrated in time. In other words, Indian defense doctrine and strategy must seek to apply calibrated force for punitive effect, which does not have a destabilizing effect on the adversary 17. The nuclear factor in South Asia has rendered total war unthinkable and limited war has become a necessity and must be central to the military input provided to the political leadership as an option to secure conflict limitation 18. From the Pak perspective, a limited conventional war in the Indo- Pak context, can be defined as a war designed to a chieve specified political objectives by applying compatible resources in a critical area and by acting smartly in a manner so as to leave supererogatory minimum incentive for the opponent to react with nuclear weapons without taking definite risk to suffer more gains 19 . India, of late, is also forced to contend with an increasingly cocky and belligerent China which sees India as the single biggest rival to Chinese pre- eminence in Asia. As numerous strategic and defence experts have began to increase the probability of a Sino-Indian military conflagration in the Himalayas, an objective look at the time frame duration of such a conflict is also mandated.A limited war in our context would envisage a likely time frame of 21- 28 days. This time frame is a logical one as geo-political realities of an armed conflict between two nuclear states along with inherent limitations of developing states in terms of economy, war waging capability etc will preclude continuation of viable opera tions beyond four weeks. Moreover, in a Sino-Indian conflict, the restrictive campaigning season of approximately two months will be a determinant of duration of hostilities as both sides would need time to build up their forces in the post monsoon phase. Otherwise, too, all our past wars have unambiguously been short wars, limited in duration and objectives and the future wars in a nuclear backdrop are going to be anything but different. Yet, the future wars will be short but highly intense, destructive wars, exacting heavy casualties of men, material and equipment in fast, fluid mobile battles across the entire spectrum of conflict in a technologically driven war fighting environment with far reaching implications for the war fighting philosophies of the adversaries.Logistics ImperativesThe future battlefield in an intense, short war would subscribe to a major transformation in our logistic support system with likely changes as under 20 -Limited preparatory period and highly inte nse short duration war, necessitating an efficient mobilization plan.Self contained theatre based logistic support structure.High attrition rate due to greater trueness and lethality of long range weapon systems necessitating forward positioning of a greater quantum of reserves.Greater emphasis on intra theatre regeneration and re-supply of logistics resources.A sense and respond system working on the push model.Adoption of information technology and decision support systems for total asset visibility and improved inventory management 21.Need to improve survivability of logistics echelons by dispersion and area air defence cover where possible.Maximum reliance on air maintenance for maintenance of urge especially in mountainous and desert terrains.Need for greater degree of logistics flexibility and redundancy in all theatres.Increased strain on logistics support system due to greater density of high technological equipment in battlefield.The diversity of terrain and our varied ope rational roles, required to be performed in highly intense, short duration wars pose enormous logistic challenges and demand a dynamic, new approach to include simple, flexible and efficient logistic plans, based on a technology driven, seamless and fully networked logistic system. Such an approach is required to integrate the logistic resources of the three services and to utilize the existing national infrastructure more profitably to improve our logistic efficiency and enhance our operational readiness 22.CHAPTER IVANALYSIS TO INCLUDE SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTINGLOGISTIC ORGANISATIONExisting Defence Logistic SystemNational LevelIn India, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is the highest decision making body on national security and strategic issues and is mandated to formulate policies for the defence of the country through the National Security Council ( NSC ) established in 1998. The Defence Minister, who is a member of the Cabinet Committee on Security, heads the Ministry of Defence ( MOD )and is responsible for implementing the governments defence policies. The defence policies get implemented through various committees functioning under the MOD 23. Details of such committees are as under -Defence Ministers Committee.Defence Ministers Production and Supply Committee.Defence Research and Development Council.Chiefs of Staff Committee.The Defence Ministers committee is responsible for defence planning while the Production and Supply Committee is most important as it covers the entire gamut of planning force levels and equipment planning related to availabilty of resources. The Chiefs of Staff Committee advise the Defence Minister on all military matters including logistics matters. Another committee called the Joint Adminstration Planning Committee (JAPC) having representatives from the Services, is placed under the Chiefs of Staff Committee to coordinate the logistics effort of the three services and to prepare a joint adminstration plan to supplement an d support the overall mobilisation and operational plan evolved by the Joint Planning Committee ( JPC ) 24.Army LogisticsAt Army Headquarters level, the agencies responsibile for providing logistics are the Adjutant General (AG), Quartermaster general (QMG), Master General of Ordnance (MGO) and Engineering-in-Chief (E-in-C). fundamentally the existing system is influenced by what was primarily inherited from the British Army. In the present organization, the supply and transport are under the QMG while Ordnance and EME are with the MGO and the Medical services have been placed under the AG. Moreover, selection and introduction of any new equipment though a joint responsibility, is with the Weapons and Equipment (WE) Directorate while maintenance of such equipment is a logistic function. In order to coordinate various branches and to ensure smooth flow, Directorate General Operational Logistics (DGOL) has been created. However, the management and control of the logistic services has not been brought under a unified single management or control, which gives rise to a number of intra-service logistical problems , thereby making the projection of DGOL difficult 25. Utilisation of army budget also is a problem area as the QMG Branch, which is responsible for large portion of Armys logistic planning, spends almost two-fifths of the army budget 26. Thus the staff support is highly fragmented and does not approximate to the concept of integrated logistic support.IAF LogisticsIn IAF, the Logistics Branch handles all the equipment, materials management and distribution functions 27. At the Air Headquarters, Air Officer-in-charge Maintenance ( AOM ) and Air Officer-in-charge administration ( AOA ) perform functions similar to those of the AG and the QMG in the army and partly similar to those of MGO. The AOM is assisted by four Additional Chiefs of Air Staff ( ACAS ) and Air Officer Logistics ( AOL ). The AOM to a large extent, provides single point management and contr ol, wherein all specialist aspects of aircraft and equipment maintenance, communicate and provisioning of stores in respect of each weapon system is looked after. In addition, the Initial Provisioning Committee and Maintenance Planning Teams provide logistic support for the newly introduced aircraft and weapon systems 28. As regards, functions of AOA, he is assisted by two ACsAS and controls administrative aspects such as organization, works, accounts, legal ,medical, pay and provost.Navy LogisticsIn Navy, the Chief of Materials (COM ), a convention Staff Officer to the Naval Chief at Naval Headquarters is responsible for entire Logistics management function in the Navy. He is assisted by the Controller of Logistics Support, who functions directly under the Chief of Material and deals with logistics support, clothing and victualling, armament supply and transport. In addition, there are two Assistant Chiefs of Materials aiding the Chief of Material to deal with Systems and DR. T he Chief of Personnel (COP) heads the personnel branch and handles the medical services, recruitment, welfare and service conditions 29.Analysis of the Existing SystemAn analysis of the existing logistics system reveals some glaring and profound weaknesses which need to be redressed forthwith, in order to obviate potential adverse effects on our national security. The systemic weaknesses are enounce in the fields of our logistic organization, both at national and services level and also in our failure to integrate our logistics system. The later, in fact, is a manifestation of a flawed organizational set up, being carried forward as a legacy of the colonial times. That so many past studies and writings by experts on the subject have failed to elicit the attention of the decision makers concerned is a sad reflection on our system and underlines a lack of overall national perspective for logistics. Further, it is apparent that the decision making structures at the national and servi ces level are either inappropriate or simply unresponsive. Our logistic system, though has taken the obvious weaknesses and the shortcomings in its stride and has delivered the goods in all wars fought by us in the post independence period. As such, it is of utmost importance that the obvious shortcomings are identified and addressed in order to integrate and optimize our logistics system as a true component of the National Effort, needful to respond to growing threats to our national security.Shortcomings of our Logistic SystemOrganisational Weakness. At the top echelons of the MOD and Chiefs of Staff Committee ( COSC ), Defence by Committees is the accepted style of functioning, which is precisely conducive to efficient functioning. The Service chiefs are responsible for operational and logistic preparedness, but exercise little or no control over budget and provisioning of war like material, which remains the direct prerogative of the MOD.No National Level Organisation. Neither any national level organisation exists to oversee, coordinate and integrate our defence needs with national development nor any visible efforts are seen towards orienting national level logistical planning to our defence requirements.Lack of common Logistic Doctrine. Despite jointness and integration being the buzzwords, the three services have failed to evolve a common logistics doctrine and philosophy of logistic support.Multiplicity of Logistic Agencies. There is a multiplicity in logistic agencies with no single authority responsible to the Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ) for logistics preparedness. Lack of centralized logistic support encourages duplication and wasteful expenditure.Multiple Procurement Agencies. Multiple procurement agencies in the services with lack of interaction, work against the principle of economy and lead to change magnitude costs.Lack of Standardisation and Codification . It leads to duplication and high inventories. Multiple stocking echelons ,too, l ead to a high level of stocking and is compounded due to lack of an integrated systems approach to determine stock levels. A vast range of assorted equipment, both imported and indigenous, has only exacerbated the problems of providing effective logistics backup 30.Inventory Automation. Despite commonality of procedures, break away inventory automation has been undertaken by all three services, thus violating the administration principal of economy.Private Sector Involvement in Defence Research and Development. Despite the dynamic changes ushered by Defence Procurement Procedure 2005 2009, the private sector involvement in defence research development and defence production has not reached the desired levels.Attitudinal Change towards logistics, In Indian Army, an attitude has been prevalent for long, wherein logistics consideration in an operational plan are invariably given short shrift under the mistaken belief that a commanders tactical brilliance will some how compensate f or inadequate consideration of logistics. The practice of not involving the logistics functionary in formulation of operational plans and then leaving the logistics planning entirely to logisticians is an inevitable recipe for disaster.Mobilisation. Mobilisation involves movement of men and material, wherein move by rail is carried out under the aegis of the Operational Rail Movement Plan (ORMP). Though the plan has been validated during OP VIJAY and OP PARAKRAM , concerns remain as regards the move and dispersion of strike and dual business formations as also the creation of requisite infrastructure for unloading / loading at railway stations concerned. Besides this, shortage of defence rolling stocks exist which will inhibit speedy mobilisation.Functioning of Ordnance Factories and the PSUs. Director General of Ordnance Factories and the Defence Public Sector Undertakings are major defence manufacturers. However, the present organisational structure precludes the optimum funct ioning of these organisations. Despite being an intrinsic part of Defence Ministers Production and Supply Committee ( DPSC ) , the Ordnance Factory Board ( OFB ) usually functions independently and in any case is not accountable to the Army or the defence, though the funding for the OFB is made from the Army Budget. As such, the Chief of Army Staff has very little say with respect to production and priority in delivery of items. The OFB items also have quality concerns especially in general stores and clothing items.Multiple Echelon System. The multiple echelon system which is existing as the chain of supply to the field formations need critical examination and reduction of echelons where feasible. Logistics support need not be the same across the board for all formations in the country, it can be tailor-made to meet the requirement of a particular sector, the terrain, the fictitious character of operations and equipment likely to operate in the area. This will cut down the time fa ctor for move from source to the field formation.Push Model. The push model of pumping the logistics requirement of troops forward has been partially implemented in certain areas. It needs to be implemented across the board to ensure that the troops do not have to look over their shoulders for logistics support.CHAPTER VANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY LOGISTICS ORGANISATIONOF MAJOR MILITARY POWERS US SystemThe US Armed Forces have a highly efficient and responsive logistic system, based on a dynamic organizational structure which has evolved to meet the ever changing operational requirements. The Defence Logistic Agency ( DLA ), a US Department of Defence ( DOD ) agency supplies the nations military services and several civilian agencies with the wide ranging logistical support for peacetime and wartime operations as well as emergency preparedness and humanitarian missions 31. The DLA Director reports to the Under Secretary of Defence for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics through the substitute Under Secretary of Defence ( Logistics and Material Readiness ).The DLA has evolved from Defence Supply Agency ( DSA ), which worked on the Single Manager Concept, wherein eight service agencies viz army, navy, air force etc handled one commodity each and became DSA supply centers.In 1977, DLA was established with the aim of centralizing the management of common military logistics support and to introduce uniform financial management practices. Later, the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, for integration of US Armed Forces, identified DLA as a combat support agency. In Feb 2000, a new DLA organization structure part of an integrated plan called DLA 21 integrated all distribution depots of the military services into a single, unified material distribution system to lose weight overhead costs and place them under DLA for management. It also created four major sub agencies under the DLA as under -Def Logistics Support Command ( DLSC). Responsible for integration of logistics operations, supply chain management, readiness and contigency operations support. It is also responsible for procurement, storage and distribution of consumable parts, fuel, medical, subsistence and clothing and textile support. It has subsequently been reorganised as DLA Logistics Operations Directorate ( DLALO J-3 ).Def Contract Management Command. Responsible for DODs primary contract administration activity.Information Operations. Responsible for DLAs information technology activities to enhance e-commerce, logistics support system and catalogue automation in support of military logistics.Financial Operations. Responsible for streamlining DLAs financial system for agencys future initiatives.UK SystemUK, too, has been a fore runner in source of defence reforms, which began with th