citizern kane :: essays research papers

CITIZEN KANEThroughout the whole movie, the viewers got a feeling that Kane never had emotions and postcode could affect him, headspring this is until we learn of Rosebud. A childhood is something Kane was deprived of. When he was about 8 long time old his parents sent him away to be amend and becoming something big in life, that what they did is take something away from him that no parent should take away a childhood.Love is something that was non apparent in the opening scenes of the movie, his mother seemed so cold and stern, believing that is was in his best interests to leave home and become successful. Did this success make him a happy man, well later we learn the answer and that is no. Kane had everything a man could want in life, a wife who was not all ways loving but still there for him, an extravagant social life and last but not least billions of dollars. Kane had all this but he still never seemed to be pleased. He was demanded more and the best out of what he had. Kane had nearly fooled himself that these materialistic posesions made him happy, but what we really find out is all he precious was a normal life. His house was cluttered with senseless ornaments that probably mean the least to him. Kanes amazing lifestyles with everything so big and exuberant was in a way his cure to a lonely soul. He never could determine who were his friends and who werent, once he dies we find out many werent.If Kane had been brought up with a childhood, with the have a go at it and fun most children experience, maybe he wouldnt have been so cold and brutal. The attraction of money wore out for him after a few years but it had already done its damage, and then we find him stuck, with nothing to do and most of all nothing that pleases him in life anymore. The key to understanding Kane was not in what he found pleasurable nor what interested him, it was his weakness. Kane always seemed tough, like he never gave a second thought about what just happened, he just did what he had to do and he did it swiftly but like all people something did affect him. Superman had Kryptonite and for Kane it was memories. Many memories that he shouldve had, that he confounded out on.

Funerals of Kings Essays -- Literary Analysis, Beowulf

Beowulf starts with the death of Shield a great king in the eye of the Geats, it also ends with the death of Beowulf. These funerals are similar in many ways. These funerals can be a reflection of the lives these kings lived because each king had his own way he wanted to be remembered. These funerals both involve huge amounts of apprises being loaded on to ships or back in to the ground and how the Geat tribe mourned for the loss of the kings.Treasures were utilize to gain loyalty from other men in Geat steadfast companions will stand by him (Beowulf 23). Theses steadfast companions (Beowulf 23) help the king survive and help attach lands and allowing a king to stay in power. In the end of this poem even those gifts will not get the support Beowulf needs. The treasure that was laid on the boat for Shield was Far-fetched treasures / were piled upon him, and precious gear (Beowulf 36-37) A far-fetched treasure (Beowulf 36) would be some of the rarest in the world. Shield has told his men to Shoulder him out to seas flood (Beowulf 30) The boat they put him in was A ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor, / ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince(Beowulf 32-33). The description of the boat I think shows the follow that the Geats wanted to show their kings and how ornate they make things. At Beowulfs funeral at the end of the poem they build a great pyre The Geat people built a pyre for Beowulf, / stacked and decked it until it stood foursquare.(Beowulf 3137-38). The pyre is like the boat in the first funeral the boat is built ornately and to stand the test of time. The pyre is built to be tall and strong very similar to the boat. hung with helmets, heavy war-shields / and shining armor, just as he had ... ...going or where the to wind and tide, bewailing him (Beowulf 49). They built a memorial on the high grounds letting all that can see know that a great king laid there. All the treasure that had been found in the cave where the dragon had stayed was put back in to the ground where the memorial is. They let the ground keep that ancestral treasure / deluxe under gravel, (Beowulf 3166-67). These treasures had been around for ages and ages, gold is taken from the ground and in the end put back in to the ground.These kings have thought about how they wanted to be remembered by the people of the time. Their funerals reflected back on their lives, through the gold that was laid on to Shields ship and that was put in the memorial on the coast for Beowulf. working CitedGreenblatt, Stephen. The Norton Anthology Of English Literature. 8th. A. W W Norton & Co Inc, 2006.

Free Song of Solomon Essays: Erotica :: Song Solomon essays

Erotica in Song of Solomon   The use of erotica notify be seen real clearly in the Song of Solomon. First of all, one must keep in mind that it comes from the bible so one will not here vulgar things or even words that you know ar directly talking slightly sex. However, if you read closely, you can here the implicit remarks that these young lovers seems to be making, not only about each others body, but same(p)wise about what each would like to do with the other.       The first time that the male of the genre talks about his lover he describes her physical attributes. The most taken for granted(predicate) is the description of her breast in which he says, Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins(73). When you here this statement one can only think that he is referring to her large perky (since she says young) perfectly round breast. When he talks about his lovers thighs, he not only praises them, he describes what the very most upper par t of his lovers thighs look like the joints of thy thighs are like jewels(71). One can only ask the question of how would this person know about someones most upper part of their thigh, the part that is right next to the genitalia? This leaves much to the imagination. He also talks about her navel saying, thy navel is like a round goblet, which wanteth not liquor(72). When trying to interpret this quote, one must first keep in mind the fact that this is taking direct during biblical times. During these times it was not proper for people to see, what was then looked at as X-rated parts of one another. Of course the exception to this rule would be if two people were married (or having an affair). So one can ask the question of how would this person know about the size and shape of another persons navel, which is hidden underneath everyday clothes? It seems not only does he know about its size and shape but also how it tastes. Again, the imagination of the reader is allowed to search the options.       non only is there sexual talk about physical appearances, but there is also talk about what will happen when the two of them are together alone. She is at one point looking for him and when she finds him she says that she held him and had him follow her and would not let go, .

Cuban Relations Essay -- Essays Papers

Cuban RelationsIn the year 1959 a politician named Fidel Castro led a revolution against the Cuban government under Fulgencio Batista. Castro used his fix to persuade the Cuban deal to fight for him in the revolution against Batistas government. With the people on his side, Castro successfully overthrew the Cuban government and was eventually elected President. These people believed in Castro, and that he would nettle Cuba a better place to live and work in. Once Fidel Castro had control, he named himself dictator for life and made Cuba a collectivist nation who openly embraced communism. Cuba became the only communist nation in the Eastern Hemisphere. As a result of this new socialist regime many Cubans fled to the join States into south Florida, which is only a mere ninety miles from Cuba. Shortly after Castro took control of the government, relations with the United States declined. Capitalist leaders, like the United States wanted to make sure that socialist countries t rying to establish a communist system, such as Cuba would fail because the goal of communists is to develop a system free from toffee-nosed ownership, which is not in the best interests of the countries who are wealthy due to private ownership i.e. the United States of America. Under The Kennedy administration, America attempted to dethrone Castro from power in Cuba many times, including the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. While these attempts to get rid of Castro failed, in 1962 American President John F. Kennedy signed the Cuban Embargo to wear out all imports, exports, and diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba. The signing of this embargo was basically the beginning of the end for diplomatic relations between the United States of... ...the sanctions which run through suffocated the Cuban economy in the past four decades. Until Castro wishes to comply with the government of the United States, the embargo will stand and Cubas economy will meet because of i t. Works Cited1.U.S. Rejects Ending Trade Embargo on Cuba. Website. .2.Senators who vote in order of Ending the Embargo. Website. 3.The Cuban Economy. Website. www.pitt.edu/press/books/cubaneconomy.html.4.Faces of Cuba. Website. 5.Fidel CastroHistory Archive. Website. 6.U.S. Department of State. Website. www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/cuba/.

Surviving The Last Plantation :: essays research papers fc

Self-preservation, natures first great law,All the creatures, but man, doth awe.-Andrew MarvelleLove, family, and small thrills are but three things to recognisely for. Sometimes they are the only things to live for. Sometimes they are what drive us to depart. For some of the inmates at Angola State Prison, there is little to live for and they still survive. Daniel Bergner once stated, "We live for whatever it is likely to live for" (168). But what do the inmates of Angola live for? What brings meaning into their lives? Many of the inmates at Angola have been convicted of capital crimes. Many have no chance for parole. They still survive they still find a reason to live. They find meaning in their lives.Before purpose and survival or redemption and salvation can be discussed, an image of what Angola is must be produced. The warden of Angola is a large man by the name of Burl Cain. Some believe that he is the reason for Angola being what it is. Bergner believes different The striking tranquility at Angolaconfirmed by the ACLUs National Prison Project and Louisianas own watchdogscould not be credited to Warden Cain alone. twenty-one years ago conditions had been so anarchic and murderous a federal judge had ruled that the prison "shocked the conscience" and breached the Eight Amendments countenance against cruel and unusual punishment. Reform had begun then. Warden Cain aimed not merely at warehousing inmates safely, but at rebuilding them, at redeeming them, whether in terms of his gray Baptist belief or in religious terms more broad ("Love thy neighbor") or simply in the sense of learning to live in some valuable way, without the impulses that lead to destroying others. (24-25)Though Bergner only carries this thought th unskilful the beginning of his stay at Angola, it is till a viable description of the institution. With this rough idea of Angola in mind, the inmates of Angola can be discussed. Their reasons for living can be sh ared.Carey "Buckkey" Lasseigne was convicted to live imprisonment at Angola at the age of 22 (Bergner 220). "He was quarantined from his wife the month after the killing, and they have since divorced. But they had been back together since his first year at Angola" (Bergner 221). That is part of what kept Buckkey going part of what gave him a reason to live inside Angola. His wife is only part of the reason.

Surviving The Last Plantation :: essays research papers fc

Self-preservation, natures first great law,All the creatures, but man, doth awe.-Andrew MarvelleLove, family, and small thrills are but three things to sustain for. sometimes they are the only things to live for. Sometimes they are what drive us to survive. For some of the inmates at Angola State Prison, there is little to live for and they even-tempered survive. Daniel Bergner once stated, "We live for whatever it is possible to live for" (168). But what do the inmates of Angola live for? What brings meaning into their lives? Many of the inmates at Angola have been convicted of capital crimes. Many have no chance for parole. They still survive they still find a think to live. They find meaning in their lives.Before purpose and survival or redemption and salvation can be discussed, an base of what Angola is must be produced. The warden of Angola is a large man by the name of Burl Cain. Some believe that he is the reason for Angola being what it is. Bergner believes diff erentThe striking ease at Angolaconfirmed by the ACLUs National Prison Project and Louisianas own watchdogscould not be credited to Warden Cain alone. Twenty-one years ago conditions had been so anarchic and murderous a federal judge had ruled that the prison "shocked the conscience" and breached the Eight Amendments guarantee against criminal and unusual punishment. Reform had begun then. Warden Cain aimed not merely at warehousing inmates safely, but at rebuilding them, at redeeming them, whether in terms of his Southern Baptist article of faith or in religious terms more broad ("Love thy neighbor") or simply in the sense of learning to live in some valuable way, without the impulses that lead to destroying others. (24-25)Though Bergner only carries this thought through the beginning of his stay at Angola, it is till a viable description of the institution. With this rough idea of Angola in mind, the inmates of Angola can be discussed. Their reasons for living can be shared.Carey "Buckkey" Lasseigne was convicted to live imprisonment at Angola at the age of 22 (Bergner 220). "He was separated from his wife the month after the killing, and they have since divorced. But they had been back together since his first year at Angola" (Bergner 221). That is part of what kept Buckkey going part of what gave him a reason to live inside Angola. His wife is only part of the reason.

Analyse the significance of passion Essay

In the tragedy Romeo and Juliet at that place are many forms to ire these references are made in a variety of ways, ranging from parental passion to the classic loving passion shared between ii people. But there is an underlying hint right from the very make that there is an inevitable notion that this make do ordain never happen because of the family animosity. At the very start of the book, the chorus introduces the heated feud between the Montague and Capulet households. This feud has spanned a long time and is an ancient grudge that has continued throughout the family, from the parents to the children and even into the servants of the households.The word two is used, frequently, not just to refer to Romeo and Juliet but to show the obstacles they face to show the opposites as rivals and not just families. We see rivalry induced by the feud where servants from the two houses meet in the town of Verona. When Sampson and Gregory, servants of the Capulet household meet and cla sh with Abram and Balthasar, of the Montague household, the rivalry is shown from the outset, My naked weapon is out. Quarrel, I will back thee.This is in the startle meeting of the servants, where Sampson explains he will back Gregory if he happens to get into a fight, and surely enough, they do get into a fight, household against household which is then mazed up by Benvolio, Put up your swords, you know what to do. When he says this, it brings the realisation that they are in public, but the hot headed Tybalt does not agree and insufficiencys to fight. He says, Peace? I hate the word and they fight again. This is only then broken up by the officers, and Prince, even though the heads of the families arrive and actually essential to fight each other themselvesGive me my long sword, ho this is Capulet speaking to his wife, asking for his sword, but this is then stopped by Prince Escales. This starts the notions of the tragic end it brings them unitedly but also leads them to t heir deaths. We premier meet Romeo, moping around flavor puritanic for himself, and isolating himself. He is a typical petrachan write outr solipsistic, which means feeling sorry for himself and being self absorbed speaking in complex language, using oxy morons , like feather of lead. obviously an opposite as feathers are very wakeful and not heavy. Cold fire and of course fire is not cold These are used to emphasise Romeos feelings at this present time, he is feeling quite confused and discarded because his love is not reciprocated by Rosaline, but he is making sure he feels it and everyone else knows about it. Shakespeare uses a play on words, a translingual pun, when Benvolio uses Romeo walking underneath the sycamore grove. At first glance this doesnt look very significant at all but if we pick up between the lines we find it is a very clever pun, which is used to emphasise Romeos feelings. Syc, or sick is used to describe his ill state of unrestrained health, while amour is the French word for love, so sycamore, literally means sick of love, and as he feels physically sick as a get out of his un-returned love. This is quite ironic as the love is not returned, as he is never going to get her but he thinks that he is and hopes and prays that she will love him back but unfortunately this is never going to happen.On Romeo and Julies first meeting there is a lot of passion felt and shown, When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, he is astounded and taken aback by her beauty, he sees Juliet as a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear and he is kayoed by her. Their first exchange is filled with religious imagery, Romeo initiates it and Juliet immediately responds to Romeo positively, That I must love a loathed enemy this is further on in the passage, afterwards Juliet finds out Romeo is from a different family, but she still shows how she likes him and still wants to see him even though the family feud could, and does get them in a lot of trouble.Juliet is rem inding herself that she unavoidably to be a lady but still stays very coy and subtly flirtatious, Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. This is when Romeo tries to kiss her and she says this as an attempt to warn him off, and he, as expected, does not take to this and carries on trying to kiss her, and she, quite taken aback by this obliges, and once again remembers she has to be a lady, but as expected succumbs to another kiss from him and has really let her guard down. But she is reminded again to be a lady, by the nurse, as Juliet has to go and meet her arrest and speak with her.Romeo realises this love is real later on when they meet again in the evening and he hears her speaking and the famous balcony scene on which he listens to her waiting for him to arrive. The parents of Romeo and Juliet show a lot of passionate emotions and feelings for their children and in the Capulets case, for their nephew , Tybalt, the passion is all the way when Tybalt is slain by Romeo . The love and passion that lady Capulet shows for him, by calling for Romeos blood, Romeo must not live and is very passionate about the cleaning of their nephew.The Montague household shows a lot of care for Romeo in one of the only instances we see the Montagues, when Romeo is in exile, he talks about writing as letter to his father which shows a lot of care for them, Juliets parents, however are only there to make her marry Paris so they can gain most of the win out of it. Instead of making their daughter happy. In contrast, it seems that the Montague parents love their son as the father son bond is strong, whereas the father daughter or mother daughter bond in the Capulet household is very weak as the parents do not seem like they want whats best for their daughter.How, will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Is she not proud? Doth she not count her blest this is the point at which Juliet spells out that she does not want to marry Paris and her parents are very upset, e ven offended by this and cannot understand why she would not like to make them happy. But there is clearly love shown by both of the sets of parents at the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, and it is mis-sheathed in my daughters bosom this is when they first see her in the tomb of the Capulets and they are overwrought at the sight of seeing their own flesh and blood lying dead by her own sword.The prologue and the chorus play a huge dissever in helping the audience understand and foreshadow the tragic events in the play, star crossd lovers it is set out from the start that something is going to go wrong, there are many mentions of fate in the chorus, that the play is always going to end in death for our two heroines and that the married couple could never bewilder worked because something, fate, was always working against them because of this terrible feud that has lasted throughout the family histories.The nurse and the friar play huge parts in the lives of the two children, they make the whole marriage happen by organising everything and help Juliet to get away from her parents, when the friar suggests drinking the vial of fluid that has the potion to make it look as if Juliet is dead and so she would be buried, but unfortunately fate was working against them once again as the letter the friar wrote to Romeo never made it to him so Romeo ended up killing himself because he saw his bride lying dead before him.The nurse has been a wet nurse to Juliet for as long as Juliet has been alive and she is much next to Juliet, we know this because Juliet is much less formal when she is around the nurse but very formal around her mother by using thou and you to point formality. Unfortunately in this Tragedy Romeo and Juliet even though they had much help getting together, it is underlined by the curse at the start that because of the family feud it will never last and was always going to end in tragedy.

What do you understand by the term ‘hegemony’?

IntroductionThis es interpret go out consider the meaning of the term hegemony. It will weave personal interpretation with the pedantic literature, concentrating on Gramscis theory of pagan hegemony. Hegemony arguably originated with the Ancient Greek conception of political and military dominance (hegemonia means leadership and rule) (Cher right away and Vallasi 1994 1215). concord to the traditional conception of hegemony the ruler (hegemon) imposes its will upon subordinate states through the exercise or threat of military power, which is then translated into political dominance (Antoniades 2008). In the new world, this kind of hegemony has largely disappeared. The mechanisms of control now operate in civil society in more subtle forms, such as politics, ideology, and the media. This essay will discuss some interpretation of hegemony and how they relate to contemporary capitalist society. Some scholars and political commentators, such as the former French Minister of Foreign personal matters Hubert Vedrine, believe that the United States is currently a global hegemon due to its widespread influence in countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan. However, as realist scholars such as Mearsheimer and Nye distributor point out, the United States has never established a system of governance in these regions (Nye 1993). This political and military hegemony has largely disappeared. In its place one might say that there is a kind of heathenish hegemony. This concept was theorised in the early 19th century by the Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci, who argued that the capitalist state was divided into twain spheres, the political society, which rules through the use of force, and the civil society, which rules through popular consent. The latter is the public realm in which people, groups, trade unions and political parties interact. In this sphere, the ruling elite reproduce their ideology in popular culture and thus manufacture consent for the bourgeois domin ation of the proletariat (Simon 1990). Domination is not imposed by force, but rather is adopted unwittingly and under the pretense of ordinary ethnic development (Simon 1990 Bullock and Trombley 1999). This theory was adapted from Marxs analysis of the socio-economic class system (another example of a hegemonic theory), and in a sense is part of a larger set of theories hypothesising that culture, ethics, and norms arise through what Bernard Mandeville called the maneuver of politicians, although Gramsci placed greater emphasis on intellectuals. Indeed, it might be fitting to suggest that scholars such as Anderson and Hobsbawm, who spoke of imagined communities and invented traditions, respectively, are also working at bottom an intellectual framework of cultural hegemony. However, it is important to note that these theories do not describe an exploitative, alienating relationship in the same way as cultural hegemony does. Both Gramscis theory of cultural hegemony and the modern ist theories of nation are accurate in their analysis. Whether in the form of informal social and moral traditions transmitted from arouse to child, or more structured systems conveyed through instruments such religion and law, culture is a means for the elite to control and manipulate the masses. As modernist anthropologists argue, patriotism is a particularly potent hegemonic force. Created in its present form in the 18th century by the state, today it provides justification for the foreign conflicts of the bourgeoisie. George Bushs palaver related to the Iraq War (2003 2011) employed subjective concepts of the enemy, as well as identity terms such as them and us, linguistic and cultural constructs designed to win over the American population. Contemporary democracy is one of the clearest forms of cultural and political hegemony. It is an idealised political type, inculcated in the civil domain since the enlightenment, and now perfected through universal suffrage. In Britain, politicians are almost exclusively from the middle class (usually educated at Oxford or Cambridge). Western liberal democracy is presented by the bourgeois state, operating in the civil realm, as the only viable political system. Thus the entire population willing participates in a game in which the middle class is demonstrably dominant. Cultural hegemony can be seen with more clarity by looking at contemporary capitalist media. In many cases, the International tidings Agencies, such as Thomson Reuters, the Associated Press, and Agence France-Presse, control the information consumed by the public from start to finish. For example, in the coverage of the Egyptian Revolution, they accredited the citizen-journalists who captured the news and then edited the copy that was distributed to clients, all of whom operated under contracts (Macgregor 2013). As Macgregor (2013 35) argues, the coverage of any major incident in the world originates as ofttimes than not in the words, photos, audio , and raw film footage coming from three main international agencies. The American televangelist movement, which is broadcast on channels such as the collar Broadcasting Network and The God Channel (featuring popular sensations like Joel Osteen), have been effective in propagating the religious ideals of a select few to a wider population. In this way, the state can feed the population the kind of information that supports its own cultural agenda. The best examples of this, of course, come from the pages of history, as in when the Nazi regime launched a calculated propaganda campaign through posters, the development of the Hitler Youth, and other devices to convince the people of Germany to support the persecution of the Jews. It can be argued that in postmodern society, which is somewhat immaterial and cynical with regard to bourgeois cultural grade narratives, hegemony is less dominant. However, even here hegemonic capitalist consumerism has taken hold. The products produced by firms such as Google, Apple, and Nike provide the cultural pabulum for the people, who are controlled to an extent by corporations. The meaning of the term hegemony is really a matter of interpretation. Cultural hegemony of the Gramscian type can clearly be seen in contemporary society. Some of it manifestations are centuries old, such as patriotism and religion, while others, such as consumerism, are relatively (but not entirely) unique to modern capitalism. Ultimately, hegemony has a variety of meanings, perhaps even one for every set of social, political and cultural instruments of control.Reference listAntoniades, A (2008) From Theories of Hegemony to Hegemony Analysis in International relationsBullock, A. and Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (3rd ed.)Chernow, B. A. and Vallasi, G. A. eds. (1994) The Columbia Encyclopedia (Fifth ed.). New York Columbia University Press Simon, R. (1990) Gramscis Political Thought An Introduction, London Lawrence & Wishart Ltd Macgregor, P. (2013) International News Agencies Global eyes that never blink, chapter in Journalism New Challenges (ed. Fowler-Watt, K. and Allan, S.) Centre for Journalism & Communication Research, Bournemouth University pp. 35-63 http//microsites.bournemouth.ac.uk/cjcr/files/2013/10/JNC-2013-Chapter-3-MacGregor.pdf Retrieved 21/02/2014 Nye, J. S. (1993) Understanding International Conflicts An introduction to supposition and History. New York HarperCollins

Language and translation Essay

Language is the basic tool race use to communicate with each other, including verbal linguistic communication and non-verbal language. Language is used to announce, to persuade, to queries, to express emotions, to transmit manifold ideas or even to hurt people. Gener solelyy communicate, utilise the language correctly allows people to communicate better, comp atomic number 18d with animals. However, we live in a big world, which has more than 6 billion people now. With the existence of many divergent languages, the issues of supplanting ar generated.After reading Alberto Rios essay Translating Translation Finding the Beginning, I know Rios understands languages and translation in complex and stratified ways, from cultures and manners. He writes Language is more than what we say its excessively how we say it, and whether or not we even understand what we are saying. in his short essay (508). It can be understood comfortably why Rios pays so much attention to languages and translation. He grew up on the southwesterly borderlands, having a Mexican father and an side fetch. (504) The place he grew up is a place where cultures of the United States and Mexico meet and collide.Based on his own engender of dealing with variant cultures and divergent languages, he points out how to say is more significant than what we say. The elements making his essay to be persuasive and compelling is worth to be analyzed, such as his personal background, the examples of his experience he gives, the way he arrange the examples and the his unique writing style. Rios personal background not only particularise the topics he prefers to write about languages, however excessively make his writing on these topics become more convincing because he experiences many problems of languages and cultural conflicts by himself and it cannot been denied.As I mentioned before, he grew up in a place where cultures of the United States and Mexico meet and collide. My father was born in Mexico, on the border of Guatemala, and my mother was born in England. I had languages. (506) We can see that, because of his parents, he is doomed to face a lot of bi-languages problems. In order to understand both people speaking Spanish and people speaking English, he has to know how they say in distinguishable way rather than just know what the haggling blind drunk in Spanish and English.He deficiencys to understand the ways of how people say for getting the real meanings beyond the simple words. Because of his experience of languages inconsistencys, he has circumscribed interests in figuring out how people use languages in different ways. Thats also why he is fond of topics on languages and translations between different languages. Due to the special background Rios has, he has some interesting experiences of translation problems. All three examples Rios gives help to make his writing persuasive since the examples are usual and are related to his idea of importance o f how we say perfectly.Through those three examples, Rios tries to demonstrate that translation incorporates understanding what it says and how it say, instead of explaining what is translation and how to move from one language to some other. In order to claim his viewpoint, he picks up three typical examples. In the first example My mother when asked what color she wanted the kitchen, said to the workers who were all Mexican, and who spoke in truth little English, limon. unless when we came back the next day, the kitchen was painted bright green, like a small jungle.Mexican limones, my mother found out, are small and green that color exactly, no mistake. (506) Rioss mother asks the workers to paint their kitchen in the color of limon, but the workers understand it as limones, which is different from limon. Its a small understanding in the communication. The misunderstanding retrieves because author mothers wrong pronunciation but the workers do not really understand what she wa nts. Its quite normal for a new leaner to have incorrect pronunciations. But in native speakers ears, they will think that may be another word.This is a small example that different understandings of words cause misunderstand between people who speak different languages. The second example tells a account that a man, who was arrested for illegally crossing the border from Mexico into the United States was arrested, and then was left in the jail without anyone coming to see him from a Thursday to a Saturday because of deprivation of understanding between the man and his jailers. (507) In that situation, everyone is supposed to say something even yell out when finding their own are forgotten by the jailers. But the man didnt because he had manners.This example let me think of an observation of mine. Americans say can I have a when they order in the restaurant, but most Chinese are accustomed to say I want a when ordering. This difference cannot jump to the conclusion that Chinese a re impolite. The expression difference happens due to the difference manners of language. This kind of case is more complicated than the first example. People have the same understanding of words but different manners muted cause misunderstandings. Rios select this example to tell people if you want to understand other completely, the manner behind word cannot be ignored.The trinity example is interesting. The conversation took place between Rios and one of his disciples. Hey,ese, he said to me, with a small pointing of the right hand. Hey I said. He nodded his head. You really like this meter shit. He asked. Yes. I said. And then he followed with the very best thing I could ever hoped for. So how many fights you had? (508) A student of Rios asks Rios how many fights you had? Rios understands the student is using his way to communicate. The boy was just face for an equation for something to understand instead of embarrassing the teacher.If at that time, Rios didnt understan d what the boy really time-tested to do, Rios would be mad at the boy. This example perfectly shows that language is more than what we say, its also how we say it. If Rios just cares about the language that the boy says from his mouth, he will misapprehend the boy and have very bad impression of the boy. When we try to understand what others say, how can we only understand the words others say? We also should try to dig out the original meanings of the speaker in order to avoid the misunderstandings of verbal communication.The author, Rios, tries to illustrate the idea that language is more than what we say and we need to understand the way of how we say it by these three examples step by step. There is a point deserved to highlight. Rios does not arrange these examples randomly. Rios organizes the examples in a progressive relation rather than choose three examples in the same layer. He puts his mothers example in the first place because it was very small example but its also enou gh to let people have the first understanding of what translation problem can happen between different languages.Compared with first example, the second example doesnt only lead people to consider the issues of words, but also manners behind the words that different cultures hold. The progressive relation can be noticed here easily. The focus is moving from simple misunderstanding of words to misunderstand of manners because of different cultures. The feature of third example is more obvious. Rios add many action descriptions. For example, Hey,ese, he said to me, with a small pointing of the right hand. (508) Languages include body languages.By adding action description, Rios leads the focus move again, to a higher layer action expression. Perhaps pointing of the right hand shows nervous in this case, so Rios notices that his student was looking for an equation but he just didnt know how to do that and felt nervous. Rios arranging the examples in this order makes his essay persuasi ve because readers can pass away the main idea of the essay step by step which helps his main idea to be more acceptable. Apart from adopting three appropriate examples to express his idea, Rios also has his own unique writing style to make his essay compelling.In an interview, he said I would say that I write in Spanish it just looks like English. (504) I found the entire interview from Internet, he says I do occasionally write in Spanish, but when I do its from another time, from childhood, often, I listen hard for how ideas come to me, in what container they are being delivered, and I try to be true to it. Sometimes that container is Spanish. (Twenty-Four Questions A conversation with Alberto Alvaro Rios) It means Rios sometimes form his ideas in Spanish although he writes in English.As a non-English speaker who but lives in an English speaking country, I got a deep feeling for this. Although I live in America where I listen English and speak English everyday, I still think in Chinese. I form my ideas in Chinese way and then say it from my mouth in English. Rios grew up in a Spanish speaking environment, and he used to think in Spanish. As he says, Spanish sometime is the container which holds his ideas in his mind. So his poems and stories are written in English but flavored by the sensibilities of his first language, Spanish.As Rios writes in his essay, I often talk about the duality of language using the metaphor of binoculars, how by using two lenses one might see something better, closer, with more detail. (506) We can see Rios regards the duality of language as a significant part of translation. Rios claims that the body itself speaks a language differently, so that moving from one language to another is more than translate words. (506) He changes the expression method rather than just translate the words from Spanish to English in order to keep the original meanings expressed in Spanish.Compared with other writers, this specialty of his writing ma kes his writing compelling. Language is the bridge of communication. match to Alberto Alvaro Rios, just understanding what we say is not enough. Its necessary to know how we say it if we need to really understand what other say. Misunderstandings take place easily because of the unsuccessful translation of language or act. When a person says something or do something, but the listener misunderstand the person, its a unsuccessful translation. curiously in different languages, unsuccessful translations happen more frequently due to the different cultures.Therefore, when we listen to others, we should consider the different cultural background, different manners and different way of using language. Thats also what Rios means by Language is more than what we say its also how we say it. Work Cited Bartholomae, David, and Tony Petrosky. Short Talks. ways of Reading An Anthology for Writers. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 264. 67. Print. Twenty-Four Questions A Conversation wi th Alberto Alvaro Rios. Alberto Alvaro Rios. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.

How Sarbannes-Oxley Act affects internal controls

Sarbanes-Oxley Act which is also referred to as the public company accounting reform and investor protection mo is a wider legislation passed in 2002. The SOX act has provisions touching on the standards for all the United States public firms boards, management as well as the public accounting companies. Sarbanes-Oxley Act has been considered one of most important legislation to the Americas security laws probably since the New Deal of passed in 1930s. According to Moeller (2008) it has football team sections that clearly spell out the standards it oversees.The provisions of this law implies that American companies as well as those with the united states listings have a legal obligation to tell that they have efficient and effective mechanisms of both immanent control and financial inform. The main objective of the Act is to enhance both transparency and financial reporting disclosures that would stifle any form of corporate or financial fraud. The SOX also enforces the responsi bility of the senior officers in ensuring accuracy as well as money plant in the disclosure of financial outcomes (Porter & Norton, 2007).The Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002, in sections 302 and 404 have some tough provisions regarding the internal controls. Section 302 for example calls for certification of all culture relayed to the public or market as correct. This section also requires evaluation of the disclosure controls (that is having full control of all information issued to the public) as well as being aware of any changes that would or might affect the performance of the controls from the time evaluation was done.It requires that every company set up certain internal procedures that would ensure honesty and accuracy in financial reporting (Kairab 2004). Section 404 on the other hand a requirement for annual evaluation of controls military capability and procedures for financial reporting. It encourage stipulates that this evaluation must be vindicated by an external audito rs report. Moeller (2008) suggests that the external auditors are obligated to give impression regarding the effective internal controls over financial disclosure was adhered to in every material respects by the management.In addition to this, the external auditors are further mandated to offer an opinion on the financial statements accuracies (Ramos, 2006). Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley act requires both the management and the external auditor to disclose on the adequacy of the firms internal control over financial disclosures. It has been considered quite costly to implement because documenting as well as testing some of the vital financial manual(a) and other related automated controls would need a lot of effort (Moeller 2008).Benefits so Far In a research carried out in 2006 among intimately 2,500 American companies, it was found out that those firms that had no material limitation in their internal controls and those that corrected any of such limitations in appropriate and timely manner, registered a expectanter outcome in share prices as oppose to firms that did not. The report further showed that the profits to a compliant firm in share price were much higher than the companies respective costs for Sarbanes-Oxley Act section 404 (Ramos, 2006).Conclusion Despite many attempts by PCAOB to help reduce the high cost of compliance, fare as well as guidance, much is needed to be done to improve on the management of companies vis-a-vis adherence to the Sarbanes-Oxley act. Nevertheless it is one great piece of legislation that will help to safeguard some of the Americas companies fundamental imperative in their markets which are characterizes by high take of corporate confidence as well as participation which has long been second to none.

Gujarat Development

Gujarat Governance for harvesting and increment A preview of the book* development T here is a remarkable lack of objectivity in discussing Gujarat and governance, ingathering and development on that point. The economics gets enmeshed in the politics and the politics gets entangled with the economics. era this is perhaps inevitable and unavoidable, this book is more or less the economics. What has happened in Gujarat? Is there a bosh there? Why has it happened? Is this is a story that can be replicated elsewhere in India? Is there a lesson for other States? The first broad-brush appendage story is as follows.Comp atomic number 18d to 1994-95 to 2004-05, from 2004-05 to 2011-12, real GSDP (gross State domestic product) growth rates puzzle increased, from an altogether-India total of 6. 16% to an all-India average of 8. 28%. Second, with an increase from 6. 45% to 10. 08%, the increase has been more for Gujarat than for all-India. Third, since 2004-05, there argon other Sta tes that set out excessively grown fast and Bihar, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh and Delhi are examples. That growth story in other States is some periods used as an argument against the Gujarat growth story and thats a smudge strange. after all, Gujarat accounts for a n estimated 7. % of Indian GDP. If all-India averages have g angiotensin converting enzyme up that much, it is unreasonable to expect growth has been pulled up by Gujarat alone. However, in making inter-State comparisons, t here is a legitimate question one should ask. Should small States be compared with large States? Should special category States be compared with non-special category States? Smaller States t devastation to * Gujarat Governance for drive and victimization, Bibek Debroy, September 2012. Published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi hard hybridise, pages 166, all colour includes maps and photographs ISBN 13 9788171889815 Rs 795 US $39. 5. www. academicfoundation. com 2 see Gujarat Governance for ontogenesis and Development be more homogeneous, with relatively fewer backward geographical regions and districts. Chandigarh, Delhi, Puducherry, Goa and Sikkim arent quite comparable with larger States. With that caveat, it is also true that there has been a growth c artificeridge in Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand as well. thither has been a discernible pick-up in Gujarats growth performance since the 10th Plan (2002-07), the five-year Plans world natural periods for happy chance up the time- breeze.Its tempting to argue that there is nothing exceptional in this. Gujarat grew fast during the 8th Plan (1992-97) too. While thats true, one should repeat that as development occurs, it becomes more difficult to sustain higher rates of growth. Among larger and relatively richer States like Maharashtra, Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it is more difficult to find sources of growth. ontogenesis tends to taper off. Relatively poorer States like Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Jharkhand find it easier to catch up.Had historical trends alone provided the momentum for growth, Karnataka should have also grown extremely fast. Fifth, too often, discussions focus on growth trends alone. Moving to a higher growth trajectory is important. But reducing the volatility of growth is no less important. Growth rates in Gujarat have become much less volatile. minded(p) Indian conditions, volatility is fundamentally a federal agency of what has been happening to the agricultural sector. Equity In line with all-India trends, overall poverty and urban poverty have declined in Gujarat between 2004-05 and 2009-10.But the real story is in rural Gujarat, where there has been a very precipitous drop in poverty, significantly more than all-India trends. In rural Gujarat, the benefits of growth have trickled drop. Subject to all those fusss a bout data and measuring ine caliber, there is no evidence that inequality has increased. Fiscal consolidation Elimination of privation requires public intervention and expenditure, over and above a States portion in providing an enabling environment for private entrepreneurship to bloom and flourish and ensuring rule of law. This requires public expenditure and fiscalGujarat Governance for Growth and Development dawdler 3 consolidation. Historically, the problem has been with the revenue deficit, especially after 2008, both because revenue receipts have been lower and because revenue expenditure has been higher. However, since 2011-12, the revenue deficit numbers have also begun to look respectable and the deficit numbers are marginally better than what the 13th Finance representation envisaged. One of the building blocks of the Gujarat model, so to speak, is to free up space for private sector expenditure in capital formation.One cannot expect capital expenditure, as a share, to increase overnight. The bulk (76%) of capital expendi ture is developmental, with sociable services accounting for 55. 2%. Of the total expenditure, 66. 41% is also developmental. 63. 2% of revenue expenditure is developmental. To the extent this reveals a prioritization a ccording to sectors, the study ones are education, sports, art and culture and wet supply, sanitation, housing and urban development, in that order. The fiscal consolidation and fiscal space created has enabled Gujarat to plug the gaps in cardinal sector and Centrally sponsored schemes with State-level schemes.The story isnt that much closely increasing public expenditure. It is more about creating an environment for private expenditure. Apart from private expenditure, the story is about increasing the cogency of public expenditure, more bang for the buck, so to speak. Physical infrastructure In the violence sector, the background is partly the Gujarat Electricity intentness (Reorganization and Regulation) Act of 2003. This allowed the transfer of as fix ups a nd liabilities of the fountain Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB).Generation as batchs were transferred to Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSECL). Transmission assets were transferred to Gujarat Transmission Corporation Limited (GETCO). Four different distribution entities were formed Uttar Gujarat Vij party Limited (UGVCL), Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited (DGVCL), Pashchim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL) and Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited (MGVCL). Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) had residuary functions, including that of power trading. GUVNL was the holding company.The Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission had been set up in 1998 and was brought under the purview of the Electricity Act of 2003. Generation became exempt 4 PREVIEW Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development from licensing, including through non-conventional sources. broadcast access was allowed to transmission and distribution and distribution f ranchisees were introduced for distribution zones like Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot, Vishwamitri, Lalbaug, Bharuch, Anand and Mehsana. Metering became mandatory. In 2001, Gujarat was a power deficit State, by roughly around 2,000 MW.By the end of 2012, Gujarat will have a power surplus, though expected increases in GSDP growth also increase the demand for power. However, the Gujarat success story isnt vertical about the macro generation situation. It is also about reduction in T&D losses, down from 35. 90% in 2002-03 to 22. 20% in 2006-07. It is 20. 13% in 2010-11. This is partly because T&D losses arent actually transmission and distribution losses. They are also about stealth and unmetered supply. Other than metering, theft of electricity became a criminal offence and the law was enforced, with distributors insulated from governmental pressures.There were special insureing squads for checking installation, especially for HT connections, and ex-army personnel were roped in. In Sabarmati, Surat, Rajkot, Bh avnagar and Baroda, there were special police stations for power theft. Provisions were made for sealed meters that were tamper-proof. Through an e-Urja start, electronic billing and payment was introduced. Faulty meters were replaced. Unauthorized connections were regularized through one-time settlements. The Jyotigram Yojana (JGY) ensures 3-phase power supply to all villages. The key was a bifurcation of supply lines into dedicated agricultural feeders.For agricultural use, one would and so be ensured continuous power for 8 hours a day, at pre-determined times. For other rural loads (domestic, commercial and industrial), there would be 24/7 power. 24/7 3-phase supply was provided to JGY feeders. These then provided 8 hours of 3-phase continuous supply to agricultural feeders and 1-phase 24/7 power to other rural uses. The argument about people wanting subsidized power and refusing to pay higher tariffs is misplaced. People are prepared to pay, provided that the quality of power supply improves. It was no different for JGY.Once power at pre-determined hours was available, there was less of an incentive to divert subsidized power for agriculture to domestic kin use. JGY helped reduce T&D losses. It also h elped reduce transformer failures. More importantly, it led to all villages being electrified, without load-shedding, and this had positive socio-economic multiplier benefits. Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development PREVIEW 5 If power is important to better peoples lives, piddle is no less so. The overall picture is that Gujarat is a water uncommon State. here are some(prenominal) deserts in the water sector reforms inter-basin transfer of water from surplus areas to deficit areas like north Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kachchh the linking of canals water conservation democratic irrigation management micro-irrigation check dams and smaller dams (such as through the Sardar Patel Water Conservation Programme) deepening of ponds cleaning and restora tion of step wells community management of water supply in villages through WASMO (Water and Sanitation steering Organization) and the Sujalam Suphalam Yojana (SSY).Water has both a drinking water and an irrigation water component. Something like SSY covers both. While the State has certainly gained because of Sardar Sarovar, that wouldnt have been possible without the State-wide water supply grid. In terms of affecting peoples lives for the better, roadstead are just as important as electricity and water. Compared to many other States, Gujarat has always had relatively better road infrastructure. 98. 27% of State Highways and 96. 93% of major district roads feature mineral pitch surfaces. 85. 63% of other district roads and village roads also possess asphalt surfaces. 98. 4% of villages are connected by pucca roads. Gujarat has also benefited from NHDP. Given the base, the focus has thus been more on upgradation and maintenance, improving access in relatively disadvantaged region s, while simultaneously tapping t he proposed dedicated dispatch corridor (DFC) between Delhi and Mumbai and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC). In so far as relatively disadvantaged regions are concerned, the emphasis h as been on all-weather connectivity, peculiarly in coastal, tribal and border areas. There have been several PPP projects, sometimes externally-aided, with provisions for tolls.The Gujarat Highways Bill of 2007 facilitated PPP projects. There is also a Pragati trail Yojana, for improvement of State Highways, part of which has been completed. In addition, for major projects, third party inspection and monitoring h as been introduced. Maintenance guarantees of 3 to 5 geezerhood are i ncorporated in contracts. IT tools have been used for physical monitoring, registration of contractors, court cases and departmental enquiries. In high rainfall districts like Navasari and Surat, village roads have been constructed with cement/concrete. 6 PREVIEW Gujarat Go vernance for Growth and DevelopmentA point was made antecedent about Gujarats ability to plug gaps in Central schemes with State-level ones. In the context or urban provision, the relevant ones are the Garib Samruddhi Yojana (GSY) and the SJMMSVY (Swarnim Jayanti Mukhya Mantri Shaheri Vikas Yojana). While on the subject of urban be after, or planning in general, it is odd that one of Gujarats remarkable successes doesnt get written about that much. This is the use of GIS maps in decision making. This is through the Bhaskaracharya contribute for Space Applications and GeoInformatics (BISAG), a State-level nodal agency set up in 1997 and renamed BISAG in 2003.BISAG also conducts training programmes and workshops and is involved in delivering over the Gujarat SATCOM n etwork. But more importantly, it uses remote sensing and GIS to facilitate planning. These GIS maps with several layers have already been introduced in all the municipalities. Among other things, this is certainly one enterprisingness that other States should replicate. Education In social infrastructure, like education, some of Gujarats figures may not look that bad if comparisons are made with all-India averages. However, for an economically developed State like Gujarat, is an allIndia average the right benchmark to use?Or, in the area of education, should Gujarat be benchmarked against better States? Having said this, there are two additional points to be borne in mind. First, have there been temporal improvements over time and have remedial measures been taken? There has been a sharp decline in the number of out-ofschool children between 2006 and 2011. Those improvements also come across in case University of Educational Planning and Administrations DISE (District Information System for Education) dataset. For example, the average number of classrooms per school has increased. The student/classroom ratios have also improved.The percentage of single-teacher schools has declined. scholarly person/teacher ratios have improved. Physical infrastructure is also far better. Consequently, if one has an impression that Gujarat doesnt do that well on school education, one should check the time-line. Many interventions are of recent vintage and dated data dont show the improvements. One such intervention is Praveshotsava and Rathyatra, targeted at festivals of admission, particularly for girls. In 2002-03, a Vidya Laxmi Bond scheme was started, for girls, initially in rural areas, but also extended Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development lt PREVIEW 7 to urban BPL families. A sum of money is deposited at the time of admission (in Class I) and this is repaid with interest when the girl passes out of Class VII. Apart from this, there have been improvements in physical infrastructure, some of this under the Van Bandhu scheme f or tribal talukas and the Sagar Khedu scheme for coastal talukas, planning facilitated by the BISAG mapping mentioned earlier. Biometric monitoring o f management has also been introduced. One should mention the Gunotsav programme, designed to improve quality in 34,000 direct government schools. HealthThe case for market failure is generally greater for wellness than it is for education. If there is a perception that Gujarat doesnt do that well in social sectors, thats truer of health than of education. As with education, there is a time-line issue there too. Since the public healthcare infrastructure is weak, the Chiranjivi Yojana taps the private sector, to employ private sector specialists in safe delivery. While the poor household doesnt have to pay, the government pays the private sector specialist. The Chiranjivi Yojana was first introduced on pilot keister in 2005 and has picked up since then.The Bal Sakha Yojana has a analogous PPP idea. It was launched in 2009 and covers all BPL households and tribal households, even if they happen to be APL. Neonatal care is provided by private enrolled pediatricians, who are then reimbursed by the State. Health-care has several dimensions. There is the preventive part, interpreted as clean drinking water, sanitation, sewage treatment and nutrition, be it through MDMS, ICDS, vitamin supplements or otherwise. There is also the preventive part, interpreted as immunization. The State governments focus has clearly been on reducing neo-natal deaths and bringing down the IMR and MMR.Thats where the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) comes in, designed to shift poor women to institutional delivery. The percentage of institutional deliveries has sharply done for(p) up from 55. 87% in 2003-04 to 93. 5% in 2011-12. Immunization coverage has also increased. There has been an IMNCI (Integrated focusing of New Born and Childhood Illness), launched in 2005, feature with Mamta (Malnutrition Assessment and Monitoring to Act) initiatives, which effectively register a mother and child and track post-natal nutrition, health and immunization status. Perhaps the most interesting of all these experiments is the unavoidableness PREVIEW Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development 108 number, which is not just for medical emergencies, but for police and fire emergencies too. This was launched in 2007 and is operated by GVK Emergency Management and query Institute (EMRI). Governance Gujarats economy has often been written about. Rarely have people written about governance, at least directly. But without talk about governance, it is difficult to appreciate what has happened in the State. E-governance is part of the answer, since it reduces the human interface.There have been several e-governance initiatives in Gujarat and e-governance has become functional in all municipalities and municipal corporations. Among the ones that have received awards are e-MAMTA, ICT solutions for planning and monitoring MGNREGS works, OASIS (on-line application and scrutiny of inter-State transactions), e-governance of mineral administration, e-governance initiatives and ICT init iatives in the Chief Ministers Office, on-line voting, e-dhara in the revenue Department for computerization of land records, SWAGAT (State-Wide Attention on Grievances by Application of Technology) in the ChiefMinisters Office, the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), e-procurement by the Industry and Mines Department, Value Added Tax Information System (VATIS) in the Office of Commercial Taxes, the Hospital Management Information System (HMIS) of the Health and Family Welfare Department, the Integrated monetary Management System (IFMS) in the Finance Department and ICT usage within the judiciary. A GSWAN (Gujarat State Wide Area Network) connects government offices, down to the level of talukas.The e-Gram Vishvagram project connects 13,716 gram panchayats and 6000 Common Service Centres. If awareness is the first plank of improved governance, elimination of discretion and monopoly is the second. In both education and health, instances have been given earlier of movi ng away from traditional government monopolies in delivery. All district offices have Jan Seva Kendras and there are civic centres too, in municipalities and municipal corporations. At these, various certificates (caste, domicile, residence, birth, death), affidavits, driving licences and ration cards are issued the same day.Under the e-gram project, some of these have also been taken down to taluka and gram panchayats, facilitated by computerization of Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development PREVIEW 9 land records. There has been third party audit of such Jan Seva Kendras too. The third element of improved governance is decentralization and participatory planning and there is a feedback loop from citizens to government, to suggest ideas to the government. Fourth, the decentralization has now gone down to the level of the taluka.Fifth, that improved governance is also a function of altered mindsets in the bureaucracy, which received a clear focus after the rehabilitation wo rk connected with the 2001 earthquake was over. The Chintan Shibirs, annual retreats of Ministers and senior bureaucrats, have been passing on since 2003 and are illustrative. Other than the obvious synergies of such retreats, these ensured that government does not work in silos and departments and enabled cross-fertilization of ideas.For example, the idea of each officer at district and taluka levels taking up an innovative project, without financial constraints, emerged through such a Chintan Shibir. Kanya Kelvani, Praveshotsava, Gunotsava, Krishi Melas and p articipation in gram sabha meetings are other instances of taking bureaucracy down to the grassroots. Better formulation of schemes, and better implementation, have resulted. Within government, there is a database of employees and suggestions for better governance have been invited from employees. Transfers, postings and implementation have become more insulated from political interference.Sectoral issues In any discussion o f any country or States economy, it is customary to discuss sectoral compositions of GDP or GSDP early on primary/agriculture, secondary/industry, tertiary/services etc. In popular perception, at least in some quarters, Gujarats economic growth is about industry. Gujarat is about an investment destination for industries, about Vibrant Gujarat. It is about sectors like bio-tech a nd pharmaceuticals, chemicals and petrochemicals, engineering, a utomobiles and ancillaries, sustenance and agri-business, gas, oil and power, gems and jewellery and IT.Industry isnt just about large-scale industry. Thats a misconception. The 2009-10 survey of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) covered the entire factory sector. This shows an increase in the number of factories to 15,576 and 9. 8% of Indias factories are in Gujarat. At 13. 22%, the share is higher in net value added. In decreasing order of importance, these factories are in segments like chemical and chemical products, basic metals, m achinery 10 PREVIEW Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development and equipment, non-metallic mineral products, textiles, food products and harmaceuticals. Together, they provided employment of 1. 2 million. Provisional figures show an increase in the number of factories to 25,206 in 2010, with an employment of 1. 3 million. 0. 13 million MSME enterprises in Gujarat were in 369 clusters, a pattern also exhibited in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, cluster being defined as a concentration in manufacture of the same product group. This suggests that the positive externalities of cluster formation have tended to work and in all probability, many of these MSME enterprises perform an ancillary function.Also interestingly, at least for SSI, there has been a sharp increase in the number of registered units. Therefore, it is plausible to presume that transaction cost associated with registration have declined, there are greater benefits associated with registration and the tax enforcement ma chinery has improved. At the lower end of the industrialization spectrum are cottage and rural industries. There are cluster development schemes for khadi, handlooms, handicrafts and skill upgradation and market development schemes.Other than schemes like Sagar Khedu Yojana, Vanbandu Kalyan Yojana, Garib Samruddhi Yojana and even Garib Kalyan Melas, something like Mission Mangalam is also an attempt to integrate animal husbandry, agro processing, food processing, aquaculture, processing of lumber products, handlooms, handicrafts, garments, bamboo and timber products into markets, through Sakhi Mandals, self-help groups (SHGs) and other communities of the poor. Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Limited (GLPC) was set up in 2010 to implement Mission Mangalam.Part of this inclusion body is a financial inclusion agenda. Gujarat is known as a State with a strong manufacturing base and in constant prices, the primary sectors share in GSDP has declined from 19. 5% in 2004-05 to 14. 6% in 2010-11, a decline that was mentioned before. Agricultures share (this includes animal husbandry) has declined from 13. 2% in 2004-05 to 10. 9% in 2010-11. While the share has declined, the growth rate of Gujarats agriculture, especially s ince 2000, has been remarkable and has been commented upon.Gujarats agriculture has grown at more than 10%. In addition to water, electricity and roads, there have been other factors too. The Krushi Mahotsav programme was started in 2005 and is a month-long mass contact programme with farmers, including mobile Krushi Raths. Soil health cards are issued for every plot of land. The Gujarat Cooperatives Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development PREVIEW 11 and Water Users Participatory Irrigation Management Act was passed in 2007 and participatory irrigation management introduced.Through the Sardar Patel Participatory Water Conservation Scheme, check dams are built with monetary contribution from beneficiaries, 20% in some cases and 10% in o thers. wolf health camps have been organized in several villages. The upshot has been agricultural diversification, higher productivity and growth. Of more recent vintage has been the Integrated Wadi and Agriculture variegation encounter (IWADP), started in 2009, though its pilot antecedents date to 2007. Interestingly, IWADP requires a participating entry free from BPL ST families who wish to participate. IWADP has two distinct strands.There is Project Sunshine strand for the dryland regions of north and central Gujarat, w here one tries to push crops like hybrid maize, potato, mustard, pigeon pea and Bt cotton in districts like Sabarkantha, Banaskantha, P anchmahal, Dahod and Vadodara. And there are Jeevika projects for water-intensive areas in south Gujarat, where one tries to push vegetables like tomato, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, okra, pointed gourd, parwal and turmeric and fruits like mango, banana, cashew in districts like Narmada, Valsad, Tapi, Navsari, Surat and Dangs. S Ts and extremist violenceThe Planning Commission set up an Expert Group on development challenges in extremism change areas and this submitted a report in 2008. The report mentions the development and governance deficits and deprivation problems among SCs/STs, issues of political marginalization, human rights violations, crimes and atrocities against SCs in rural India, lack of access to traditional resources among ST existences and inadequate grievance redressal through the judicial system. In the 2001 Census, 14. 8% of Gujarats population was ST. For districts, the figures were 8. 2% for Kachch, 8. 2% for Banaskantha, 20. % for Sabarkantha, 27. 5% for Panchmahals, 72. 3% for Dohad, 26. 6% for Vadodara, 78. 1% for Narmada, 32. 4% for Bharuch, 28. 2% for Surat, 93. 8% for the Dangs, 48. 1% for Navsari and 54. 8% for Valsad. Gujarat is geographically contiguous with Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, both States affected by extremist violence and districts like Panchmahals, Dohad, Vad odara, Narmada, Surat, Dangs, Navsari and Valsad are border districts too. With geographical proximity, negative spillovers are natural. If those spillovers havent 12 PREVIEW Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development appened, thats presumably because those developmental intentions have occurred in Gujarat and havent in other States. In other words, d eprivation does not mechanically lead to Naxalite-type violence, since that deprivation can be addressed. The fact that Gujarat has been able to contain such extremist activity is an achievement that is no less remarkable than the growth miracle. What has Gujarat done that is different? The idea of Tribal Area Sub-Plans (TSPs) has been around since 1974, with financial allocations being made in proportion to shares of STs in total population, with a similar provision for SCs.However, in many instances and many States, these are just notional allocations in different line departments, though such funds are not meant to be diverted. When they are more than notional, they are frittered across a variety of schemes. The first element in Gujarat was thus more efficient usage of TSP funds. The planning and budgetary powers were handed over to the Tribal Development Department. In parallel with TSPs, the idea of ITDPs (Integrated Tribal Development Projects) has also been around for quite some time, with Project Administrators given some flexible funds for innovative schemes.Since 1997, discretionary funds have been given to every ITDP district. These are spent on programmes that cater to topical anaesthetic needs, plugging gaps in existing schemes. They are thus based on decentralized planning. Chaired by the Project Administrator, Taluka Adijati Vikas Samitis have been constituted in talukas and schemes are approved and utilise by District Adjijati Vikas Mandals. Not only has this made expenditure more realistic, delinked from templates designed from above, the decentralization has made the planning process more participatory and conveyed a sense of empowerment.This culminated in the Vanabandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY), launched in 2007, together with the eleventh Five Year Plan. VKY has 10 components, all designed to mainstream ITDP blocks on the road to development Natural resources that STs possess are primarily forest-based. 5,000 of Gujarats 18,000 villages have large forest areas and following the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest) Rights Act of 2006, Joint Forest Management (JFM) Committees have already been formed in 3,274 villages.This means that the forest areas are jointly managed by local communities, Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development PREVIEW 13 together with the Forest Department. In addition to developing, conserving and protecting forests, this has the implication that local populations have a share in the marketing of timber and non-timber forest produce (NTFP), especially the latter. The JFM villages have been grouped in to 252 clusters and micro-entrepreneurship among tribals encouraged, with direct marketing links established between v illage-level JFM committees and marketing centres.However, better livelihoods cannot be based on forest produce alone. That has to come through better productivity of land, facilitated by minor irrigation facilities, and diversification into commercial agriculture, animal husbandry and dairy. There are already show successes in mangoes, strawberries and cashew, sometimes through the Wadi programme. In addition, there has been dairy and animal husbandry, with the additional benefit that it has improved nutritional standards of tribal population and corrected diet deficiencies. The environmentFor the environment, a Kuznets curve is sometimes postulated. T his simply means that, as economic development occurs, the environment degrades. When economic development crosses a certain threshold, metrical say by per capita income, greater attention is paid to the environment and indicators tend to improve. In other words, the blood is in the form of an inverse-U. The semiempirical evidence for this relationship is often debated. It seems to work better for water and air pollution, less well for other measures of environmental protection.Without getting into details of that debate, Gujarats per capita income is roughly equal to the all-India average. With compulsions of growth and urbanization, one would have expected the States environmental indicators to be worse than they are, and for the environment to be less of a priority. Even for interesting is what empirical studies tend to find on the links between deforestation and economic development. Crosscountry, the threshold there is something like 5000 US dollars and Gujarat is far short of that.In terms of the Kuznets curve, Gujarat is thus ahead of the curve. T he department of temper change was set up in 2009 and its priorities are the promotion of green technologies and funding research in this , the earning of more carbon credits, power saving, the 14 PREVIEW Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development preservation of groundwater, promotion of CNG networks, the increase of mangrove cover, the preparation of a multi-dimensional climate change policy, introducing curricula on climate change in educational institutes and creation of public awareness.Consider this. Despite the emphasis on industrialization, refineries and port-led development, there have been no major environmental disasters in Gujarat, along the coast, or elsewhere. Established in 2010, the Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) has implemented an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) project in the Gulf of Kachchh, together with two other such projects in Odisha and West Bengal. There are several dimensions to protecting the environment water, air, waste, forests, wild-life and so on.Institutionally, the Forests and Environment Department has four executing agencies the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), the Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC), the Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GIDE) and the Gujarat Environmental Management Institute (GEMI). GPCB has draft action plans for critically polluted areas like Ankleshwar, Vapi, Ahmedabad, Vatva, Bhavnagar and Junagadh. There has been an emphasis on cleaner production technologies in industries like dye and dye intermediates, chemicals and petrochemicals, p harmaceuticals, textiles, food and agro-based industries, fisheries and pulp and paper products.Defaulting industrial units have been served closure notices. Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), sewage treatment plants (STPs), Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, stabilization and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs), Common Biomedical Waste Treatment, Stabilization and Disposal Facilities (CBMWTFs) and common incinerators have been set up. 22 illegal unassured dumping sites were identified and hazardous waste there shifted to TSDFs. The 2009 Industrial Policy inclu des environment management as part of infrastructure development and provides for these being developed on PPP basis in new industrial estates.Municipal townships and colonies also have sewage treatment plants. Municipal waste is treated and disposed of through common secured landfills and Gujarat Urban Development Company Limited creates the infrastructure for treatment, transportation and disposal. There are several Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, with certified emission reduction (CER) norms. There are plans for controlling air pollution in 7 cities and there is an ambient air quality monitoring programme for Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development PREVIEW 15 Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Vapi, Bharuch and Rajkot.One should mention the Nirmal Gujarat Mission too, launched in 2007, focusing on cleanliness, the environment and public health. This has several different components managing waste in industries, transportation and hospitals protecting water bodies, t rees, green spaces and heritage buildings capacity-building creating public awareness and bringing about behavioural changes. This isnt only about urban Gujarat. For example, there are community-managed Decentralized effluent Treatment Systems (DEWATS), which also encourage local people in rural areas to build their own toilets, and there is also a campaign against open defecation.Given Gujarats growth, much more remarkable has been the increase in forest cover. Despite the extraction of timber, fuel-wood and bamboo, and commercial exploitation of NTFP and pressures of development and urbanization, this increase in forest cover is not something one would have expected a priori. In addition to traditional forests, 25,000 hectares of mangrove forests have been added in coastal areas. These are carbon sinks and draw an estimated 50 tons of carbon per hectare. The big picture is a simple one. With the emphasis on growth and industrialization, it would have been easy for Gujarat to pay scant attention to the environment.Especially since the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), this isnt quite what has happened. There is increased attention to protecting the environment and sustainable development. If there is a trade-off between the two objectives, and that proposition can be contested, Gujarat hasnt accepted the trade-off. In conclusion Is there a Gujarat story? Clearly, there is. Thats reflected in high GSDP growth since 2002 and is also reflected in poverty declines, with no significant increase in inequality, data constraints notwithstanding.Is this reflected in human development outcomes improving, especially i n backward geographical regions and backward segments of the population? The evidence suggests that there have been improvements, especially after the conscious focus on such regions and segments since the Eleventh Plan (2007-12). Therefore, if Gujarat is being criticized on inequitable development, the time-line of data points is important. Pre-2007 data a re not pertinent and one must also remember that 16 PREVIEW Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development social sector outcomes often improve with a time-lag.At best, one can complain that these improvements are not yet reflected in northern and central Gujarat. If one accepts this Gujarat story, one can move on to the next question. What is the Gujarat model and what has happened? It is one of freeing up space for private initiative and enterprise and the creation of an enabling environment by the State. It is one of decentralization o f planning and empowering people. It is about targeted public expenditure through specialized schemes, supplementing CSS-s with Statespecific schemes. It is one of bureaucratic empowerment and improving the efficiency of public expenditure.It is one of feedback loops from the government machinery to people and from people to the government machinery. It is one of delivering public goods (water, roads, electricity, schools, education). Stated thus , this is a standard development template that any State ought to adopt and implement. The difference is that not too many States have implemented the template. It is always difficult to clear the various factors that go into ensuring the successful implementation of the Gujarat model. First, there is a legacy factor and earlier Gujarat governments, prior to 2002, have left positive impact.Second, Gujarat has had a lusty tradition of private entrepreneurship and an equally healthy skepticism of government. Third, in sectors like water and roads, Gujarat has also benefited from favourable exogenous circumstances, as it has from negative push factors in other States, automobiles and auto ancillaries being an obvious instance. Fourth, the present political leadership has also had a role in empowering the bureaucracy, clamping down on corruption, decentralizing planning and delivery and focused intervention for backward regions and segments.While disentangling is difficult, it would b e uncharitable and unfair to deny this fourth element. The pride in asmita begins from the top. And if that is disseminated and successfully trickles down, quite a bit has been achieved. * Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development, Bibek Debroy, September 2012. Published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi hardcover, pages 166, all colour includes maps and photographs ISBN 13 9788171889815 Rs 795 US $39. 95. www. academicfoundation. com

Jacques Bertrand’s ‘Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia’

The make to be analyzed is Jacques Bertrands Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in In by dint ofsia, published by Cambridge University Press in 2004. This criminal record is seen as one of the most recent writings on the subject of heathen conflicts as they are, and by means of the prism of the built in bed in Indonesia.Jacques Bertrand is known for the deep scientific research in the area of Asian studies Bertrand is the sources of numerous works related to Indonesian conflicts and pagan backgrounds, so the book may be seen as either a continuation of this research, or as the means of concluding every(prenominal) previous familiarity and making it more systematic, thus eliminating unnecessary information and creating a clear picture of what the situation is and what the roots of this situation are.A question may appear (as advantageously as serious doubts) as for how a Professor and a scientists of Toronto University, which is non even close to Indonesia could perform such d eep research and whether the ideas given in the book can be trusted and can be relevant, but Bertrand was able to view the situation from inside, visiting Indonesia and conducting the research t here. These research trips as the seed calls them, transformed the initial idea and image of the book, and the resulting work is the one we empathize now.Speaking round the situation when a foreign antecedent writes about ethnic conflicts of near other country, it has both its advantages and drawbacks. Taking into account that the author states mevery people from various non-governmental organizations across Indonesia provided me with assistance, contacts and resources (Bertrand 2004, p. xv), it may be fictitious that the conclusions made in the book are relevant and reliable. 2.The authors purpose of writing this book was systematization of the information which had already been at disposal and needed deeper abstract and application in the theories expound in the book however, prob ably the principal aim of writing this book was to find possible solutions of the conflict situation. I only hope that my work, in its very small way, can help to elucidate some tantrums of the conflict and perhaps contribute to the reconciliation process. (Bertrand 2004, p. xv) 3. virtuoso of the principal benefits of the book is that Bertrand was able to make wide systematization of the already existing material.This is clearly seen through the strict structure of the book, with each part addressing the separate aspect of the conflict without tearing it off the prevalent line of discussion. Thus, step by step, the reader fills the image of the situation which he has given through the beginning of the book, with additional aspects and details, making it multidimensional. The argument of this book so differs from other studies that have addressed various aspects of the ethnic violence of the late 1990s. (Bertrand 2004, p.6) The principal difference and one of the main advantage s of this classification is that it is done through collar lines the first one described what role elites play in raising ethnic conflict here Bertrand was brave enough to deny the strength of trusted arguments and evidences (for example, the role of outside forces) and to re-direct discussion into understanding, what forces linked local groups to elites, and why so many people joined the riots. The whole structure of the book is made as leading the reader to the possible conclusions step by step.From the very beginning the author gives basic theoretical improvementes as for the possibilities of escalating ethnic violence. The advantages of making this chapter the first is in giving serious background for the reader to understand what roots of violence and ethnic conflicts exist at present, which helps to make personal conclusions as for which of the theories is applicable to the situation in Indonesia. Bernard tries to explain the core of ethnic violence through the conjunction and interrelation of nationalism, institutions and relations between ethnic groups.It has been emphasized through the book that all previous studies had focused on national ethnic identities as well as various socio-economic factors not a single theory had made any stress on the surmisal that ethnic violence becomes relevant through the periods of institutional reconstruction of the state. (Bertrand 2004, p. 10) These theoretic approaches are also seen through the light of the nationalism/ ethnic conflict connection, in which Bernard sees the essential aspect nationalism is what links nations to the states (Bertrand 2004, p.15), and while it is often seen as a very negative aspect, in its sustain forms nationalism is what defines the face of nation. Having once paid attention to the assumption that religion is the core of the ethnic conflict in Indonesia, Bernard follows this line across the several more sections, glide slope to the point that the discussion of how religious i ssues are managed in the country and how islamization influenced the ethnic structure and relation of people in Indonesia will finally become the go under choice giving the ideas as for how this conflict should be solved.Making logical structure, Bernard leads the reader to the issue of religion as leading in Indonesian ethnic conflicts, bit by bit starting the section of religious conflicts with the description of their essence, the reader goes through the explanation of connections between riots and religion, as well as the fall of Sukartos authorities which is seen one of the thrust forces for the escalation of ethnic violence. Though the violence was directed most clearly at the ethnic Chinese, religious undertones were nevertheless present. (Bertrand 2004, p. 102) this quotation shows the objectivity of analysis.Bernard tries to avoid categorical statements and assumes that the analysis of the Indonesian ethnic conflicts should be done very carefully the author is rather c autious in many statements which make the reader understand the strive for being objective. In explaining the reasons for religious riots, for example, Bernard was rather critical of the previous analyses made by other authors, but even in that case it has not been done in denying way, but through the prism of the knowledge which the author possessed and wanted to deliver to the public.(Bertrand 2004, p. 111) Making autonomy or federalism the best resolution of the ethnic conflict, Bernard explains this position stating that autonomy could redistribute political precedent, representation, and control over the states resources to provincial or district levels. As such, it gave political elites in these territorial units more power to direct resources to their specific needs (Bertrand 2004, p.185) Thus, having started the book with the discussion of the political local elites as one of the major participants of ethnic violence, having gone through historical and religious aspects, B ernard unsounded comes back to these elites in the solution, seeing it as the most beneficial. As it has become clear, the structure is absolutely strict, vivid, logical and correct. The book can be viewed as the understructure for deep analysis and understanding the misconceptions which existed in the previous studies on the same subject. These misconceptions have also partially been mentioned here.4. The assumptions which underlie the authors argument mainly touch the aspect of religion the basic assumption is that religious conflicts become the moving forces for the ethnic conflict, as well as that local elites need self-identification, which also leads them to riots and ethnic violence. virtuoso more useful assumption is that though many riots had no religious tint on the surface, the conflict between Islam and Christianity is the ground on which ethnic conflicts grew with assumptive that local elites play not the last role in creating these riots.It is also possible to assum e that ethnic violence is used as cover for voiding of the undesired religious layers this assumption can be seen through the whole book, though it is not expressed openly, but is rather implied. 5. How to categorize the authors approach to the occupation? I would state that it is a combination of sociological and political approaches. It is suggested that sociological approach is viewed through the analysis of the connections between the elites of various level (national, local).Political approach is seen through the suggestion that autonomy will be the best resolution of the conflict. The question is here what other views and perspectives could be used here and how they could change the whole book. Lets bet the two approaches used by the author are beneficial because they make it possible to come to the relevant conclusions and to make real suggestions as for the possible solutions. If this approach was philosophical it would be absolutely different and probably deeper, but it would not be possible to create basic resolutions for the conflict.6. Methodology which was used by the author is mostly interviewing Bernard spent rather long time speaking to native people and living among them to gather all information possible for the book. As it is give tongue to in the very first section of the book, colleagues provided useful comments on parts of the manuscript or related papers, some influenced my ideas in discussions at various venues where I presented my work, or forced me to revise my analysis significantly in light of their constructive criticism. (Bertrand 2004, p. xiv) 7.It may seem difficult to define what audience Bernard addresses in this book. face closer at the language in which the book is written, and thinking of what audience should be the best for reading the theoretical and practical material, it may be assumed that this book will be the most suitable for the researchers who now only work in he area of Asian conflicts and would be interes ted in information about Indonesia the theoretical background is so strong that it can be used in any related sociological and political studies in the area of the ethnic conflicts, violence and their reasons and sources.Moreover, the line which the author makes through the book (the logical line) can also be used by professionals in analyzing other regions of the world in the similar manner. Though the references made by Bernard to other works and authors, are all noted in the book, it is still easier to be read for those who have an idea about these works and what these works are about. 8. Any author can be criticized and it is always possible to find weak sides in any work, no matter how professional it can be.There of course can be other views on the occupation, and Bernard was wise enough as to show these viewpoints in this work and to critically analyze them on the basis of the knowledge available from her life in Indonesia, though it is also possible to look at the problem n ot through religious prism, but through the prism of political reasons of striving for autonomy, for example, and in this case the research would take a different form.For example, Bowen (1996) speaks about ethnic conflicts viewing them through social conflict and the importance of political choices, without any relation to religion. In his article he writes that emerging of the political systems is the life-and-death element for avoiding violence in any form, and though Bernard relates to institutional changes in the political structure, the arguments are still directed towards religion. 9.Though it may be suggested that while the book was published in 2004, three years might have created serious effect on the Indonesian regime and much could have changed after that. One of the recent articles in working capital Times about Indonesia (Anonymous 2005 p. A22) and its violence on the ethnic background has given assurance that Bernard was right the arguments given about the Sukarno regime and its impact on raising ethnic conflict are only supported and are not denied and even neutralized.Though the tendency towards democratization of the Indonesian guild was noted as an important political factor for eliminating violence and destroying the grounds for the conflict when population has received the right to elect and to vote, it has become clear that the Sukarno regimes supporters would not have many chances to win the elections. While Bertrand states at the end of the book that the end of regime opened up opportunities for renegotiating new terms of inclusion, or secession, for ethnonationalist groups, (Bertrand 2004, p. 217) this assumption is supported by the abovementioned article.Thus, it is not possible to say that the arguments given by Bernard were weakened with time the perspective drawn by the author was developed as predicted, and the absence of any recent articles on violence in Indonesia is the best support for the prediction that renegotiating of ethnic groups has taken place. 10. The significance of the writing analyzed here is not under any doubts it has become clear that the analysis made by Bertrand is so deep that it cannot be stated any other author has been able to conduct the research of such large scale over the recent years.The significance of this writing is more increased through the two quest factors first of all, it has been done from inside of the situation with Bertrand undertaking multiple research trips to the country and second, seeing the serious conclusions touching the need of autonomy, to which the author was able to come. References Anonymous 2005, Democratizing Indonesia, The Washington Times, September 23, p. A22 Bertrand, Jacques 2004, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia, Cambridge University Press. Bowen, JR 1996, The myth of global ethnic conflict, Journal of Democracy, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 3-14

All about me

The first thing that came to mind was the simple fact I was going to fall. I had to ask several questions before even completely understanding the requirements. We had to evaluate who we were, why we were here, and how Mr.. Wentworth could be of service to us. I worked for many old age composing this assay including many rough drafts and bad ideas. The first part of the prompt was by far the hardest, it took the most thinking. Preprinting consisted mainly of sitting around assay to figure off who I actually thought I was.I wrote about 3 rough drafts before deciding on how I was going to resign myself. After finally liking one draft, I did numerous amounts of editing. The editing process was difficult for me because I did not want to mess up my rattling first essay and make a bad first impression. Revising the essay was much simpler with help from peers. The benefits of using a formatted opus process be ultimately what lead to my higher grade. This process helps to organize, ed it, and write with ease during difficult assignments.To better organize I wrote many drafts and billeted list of important ideas to include, which helped to be sealed I included all necessary points. Editing was made easier by my peers who read over the essay and gave me feedback from different perspectives to improve the flow ND organise of the essay. And lastly, the ease of writing the final draft came from this described process used. Without this process, I wouldve made a much worse grade and been more stressed out over trying to get it done.Who are You? The prompt of this essay was to write a declaration of independence from your parents, much like the Declaration of Independence pen by our founding fathers. We were instructed to use more Latin based words as well as all of the rhetorical devices we studied in class. The tendency of this assignment was to gain independence room our parental units and was a chance to explain our wants and needs in a professional way.We then had to read this essay to our parents in order for them to grade how well we did. Using a formal process to write this essay made it much easier to get our point crossways rather than Just writing without structure. Another process used as well was studying the format used by the founding fathers of our country. However, the traditional writing process helped in many ways to receive the grade I desired. Preprinting, the most important, helped me to figure out what I wanted to say and exactly how I would say it.